Formation of ATPATP can be made through cellular respiration and through the process of photosynthesisA. Formation of ATP Through Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration: involves glycolysis (which is the breakdown of organic substances, mainly glucose, which occurs in the cytosol), the Krebs cycle, and electron transport (largest amount of ATP produced). Inaerobic glycolysis the last of the breakdown occurs in the Mitochondria. In the matrix, Acetyl CoA is formed, and the Krebs cycle occurs. The inner membrane/matrix responsible for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. The end result is glycolysis contributing 1 CO2, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH. In the Krebs cycle, when the pyruvate is oxidized 2 NADH are formed (this accounts for both pyruvates), as NAD+ is oxidized into NADH there are 6 (the 2 earlier NADH from the pyruvate are not counted here because they are a part of a preparatory step which occurs prior to the Krebs cycle) NADH formed, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2. Glycolysis: Two ATP oxidize a 6-C glucose to form two 3-C pyruvates. This process of lysing the glucose releases 4 ATP and occurs in the cytoplasm. If oxygen is present, the two pyruvates will undergo aerobic respiration in the mitochondria which releases 2 NADH. If not they will undergo anaerobic respiration or fermentation. In total Glycolysis releases 4 ATP and 2 NADH, but since it costs 2 ATP to start the reaction, the net gain is 2 ATP and 2 NADH- Aerobic Respiration with two Pyruvates: Pyruvates enter the membrane of the mitochondria and are oxidized to form Acetyl CoA and the excess electrons go to NAD to form 2 NADH andCO2. Acetyl CoA goes on to the Krebs cycle.Krebs cycle: Acetyl CoA (2-C) forms 3 NADH, 1 ATP, and 2 CO2 molecules are formed per cycle (meaning with only one pyruvate going through one time). Each pyruvate goes through once so the net gain would be all of the above numbers multiplied by two. All reactions in the Krebs cycle are done with the help of enzymes. The Acetyl CoA is merged with a 4-C Oxaloacetic Acid to form Citric Acid 6-C molecule. Citric Acid through several steps has its extra two C cleaved off so that the cycle ends with the 4-C Oxaloacetic acid, and each time a C is released it is released as CO2. The order of products is as follows; NADPH, NADPH, FADH2, ATP, CO2, CO2, NADPH. The reactions are as follows; NAD+ reduced, NAD+ reduced, FADreduced, ADP phosphorylated, C released, C released, NAD+ reduced.Electron Transport Chain: Occurs in the matrix. From the two previous cycles we have produced 10 NADH and 2 FADH2. For every 1 molecule of NADH, 3 ATP are produced. For every 1 FADH2, 2 ATP are produced. The electron transport chain is the process of oxidizing NADH and FADH2 then adding those electrons and hydrogens to oxygen, and reducing it into water. For example: NADH → NAD+ H+ + 2e- then, 2e- + 2H+ + ½ O2 → H2O because the two electrons plus the hydrogen give two normal hydrogen molecules plus one molecule of Oxygen which forms H2O. Over the course of the chain the electrons aremoving from a higher state of energy to a lower state of energy which means that energy must be released. That energy is used to pump out the H protons into the outer membrane which creates a gradient with a lot of Hydrogen protons in the outer membrane and very few in the inner membrane. A protein called ATP Synthase utilizes that gradient to generate ATP by letting in H+ which causes the shaft of the protein to rotate (turning gradient energy into mechanical energy) and this rotation forces a change in the active site of the protein (mechanical to chemical energy or chemiosmosis). The change inshape forces ADP to be phosphorylated into ATP. This process of using an electron gradient to form ATP iscalled Oxidative