PSYC 358 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture II. From memory to mental representationa. What determines what we are able to recallb. Brewer and Treyandsc. Schema driven encoding/recalli. Intentional vs. incidental codingd. Deese effecte. Forgettingi. On purposeOutline of Current Lecture III. Mental Representationa. Definitionb. Difficulty of studying the ideac. Distinctionsd. Featural representationse. Propositional RepresentationsCurrent LectureLecture 173/26/15Day 18 – Mental Representation CategorizationQuestion of the Day: What is the psychological nature of knowledge and meaning?Revisiting the question: what makes eyewitness memory unreliable?-Encoding-Weapons focus and narrowing of attention (fig. 8.16)-”Blindness” phenomena-Retrieval-Misattribution of familiarity (fig. 8.17)-Confidence bias (fig. 8.18)-Suggestibility (fig. 8.19)-Source and reality monitoring errors-Best match bias (fog. 8.20)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Reconstructive memory and retrieval goals-So what is being done about this?-Conducting line-ups for witnesses fairly (pf. 236-237-The “cognitive interview” technique-Expert witnesses-Switching gears… from what happened to what it meansWhat is Representation?-A set of notation that captures content about an entity-Real stuff (physical) vs. representations (mental)-e.g. there is a nice spot in France called GivernyA fuller definition of representation (markman)1) a represented world2) A representing world3) A mapping system4) But meaningful only if there is associated processinge.g. representing the weatherWhat makes a representational system good?-It is clear how to construct a representation-It permits reconstruction of original-It preserves similarity structure and differentiability-Economy/elegance/relevance-Process-Appropriacy-Allows use; supports functionality holds currency in the represented worlde.g. person descriptions; note taking classMental Representations-Questions-What is the nature of mental context?-What is the form of conscious experience and stored knowledge?Why represent?-What is the role of mental representation in information processing?-Contents of cognitive workspace-Content of encoding/retrieval-Raw material of thinking and reasoning-Abstract/generic knowledgeThe difficulty of studying representation-Mental representations are intangible-Can’t be observed in the mindCan’t be observed in the world-What counts as evidence about representation?-Indirect evidence from behaviors that use reps-Consider the evidence for schemas-Progress on the scientific challenge of knowledge representation…An important distinction in knowledge representation-types:classes, kinds-Tokens: individuals, examples, instancesTYPE TOKENThe idea ‘tree’ A particular example of a treeThe idea ‘quality’ A particular example of qualitye.g. a schema e.g. an instantiated schemaWhat are posited forms of representational contentExternal, sensory, featural, propositional-External-Media: documents, devices-Other people, culture-Sensory representation-Representation capturing form of the represented worldi.e. mental imagery visuospatial knowledgeFeatural representation-Representation capturing the meaning of represented world-Encoding meaning as a set of features-binary-valued: Present/absent (having a tail)-discrete-valued: Choice set (traffic light)-continuous-valued: dimensions (person’s height)-Where does feature vocabulary come from?-Biologically determined features-Experientially acquired featuresDifficulties with featural representation-The blinding problem with representing structure-Example 1: red square and green circle-Example 2: Bill loves MaryMary loves Bill-The symbol-grounding problem“How can the meanings of the meaningless symbol tokens,… be grounded in anything but other meaningless symbols?? The problem is analogous to trying to learn Chinese from a Chinese/Chinese dictionary alone.” (Harnad, 1990)Propositional representation-Capture structed knowledge about represented world-abstract, formal, symbolic, language-like-also faces symbol-grounding problem; even more-Propositions are statements with truth conditions-thoughts/utterances at this levela of complexityRelations on (book, table); Loves (Bill, Mary)Functions Type-of (book, novel)Language-of (book, English)Likability-of (book, low)Color-of (book, red)-Higher-order Cause [Likability-of (book, low) put (me, book, basement)]Exercise in representation building Sensory Featural PropositionalObject token: LassieObject type: dogScene/situation: dog retrieving
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