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BU PSYC 358 - Further Topics in Everyday Memory
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PSYC 358 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture II. Everyday Memorya. Encoding and Retrievalb. Success and Failuresc. Possible outcomesd. RecallOutline of Current Lecture III. Further topics in everyday memorya. Factors at time of recallb. Retrieval goalsi. Egocentric biasii. Consistency biasiii. Positive change biasc. Role of elimination at time of recalld. Lifespan effectsCurrent LectureCognition3/19/15Day 16- Further Topics in Everyday MemoryQOTD:- What is the nature of memory for our own lives and experiences: reliability vs. bias?What determines what we are able to recall?Factors at time of recall…These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Consistency of encoding and retrieval conditionso In terms of naturalistic memory, place can be an amazing trigger. You may find you have a different access to an experience when you reinstate the actual physical contextyou were in when it occurred. We are talking about memory for things that really happen, not memory for word lists. Returning to the scene of the crime may open the door for content that occurred to you in that place. When you’re trying to get back to past experience its good to time travel and imagine youre in the place where it happened, or thinking the kinds of thoughts you had when that thing happened, anything you can do to add contextual cues. o Smell can also be powerful. Somehow we are able to get very acute access to certain kinds of experiences when they’re linked to contextual elements that seem to have an extra oomph in terms of boosting our ability to remember something. This applies to all senses. o Episodic quality of memory- look for keys you reconstruct flow of events. Something there might serve as a context and help reconstruct and get to the information. What usually happens is a good indicator of what did happen. - Retrieval goals (the things you want in the world, your motivations and aspirations, your wantsand needs can effect your record of the past. The way we talk about our past is often biased tosuit our current needs. So if its pleasing for a government to say those were the bad guys and we were the good guys and they did this bad thing and we did this good thing, and tell a story that makes the current situation feel good or look the best. That’s a kind of practical approach to saying looking to the past and willingly decide to lie about it. This can be explicit or implicit. So an explicit example is a corrupt totalitarian government that lies about their past because they can and its convenient to do so. Implicit would be if you believe something happened even though it didn’t because you genuinely want it to be that way. One way is when the past is murky and complicated so you’re like oh I’m going to see it this way. Or you can talk yourselfinto something. Part of what leads to long term biases is our own interest in talking and thinking about our lives in ways that are interesting.) o High school “grade inflation” The idea that people report their academic performance in high school as being significantly better than it actually was. They can do this because people won’t check. o Egocentric bias When we look back on our experiences we tend to see ourselves as having played a larger role in things that happened then was actually the case. The story we tell we are more likely to portray ourselves as the hero. It can happenin little ways or in big ways. We see ourselves as being more important than we actually were. This may occur because our perspective is the only perspective we know. So the way we remember it is colored by occurring with respect for us. o Consistency bias When you ask ppl to look back on their own lives you get a memory bias where people see themselves as relatively unchanged over a long period of time. Why do we tend to look back on ourselves as a smaller but younger fundamentally same self? Maybe because there’s a strong bias in effect that you cant really time travel back to what you were like 10 years ago in a satisfying way. So instead of trying to figure out what we were like back then,we use our current selves because our current selves are readily available to us. This can be implicit. o Positive change bias Instead of seeing ourselves with constancy across time we have the goal of wanting to see ourselves as new and improved and different. You can create a caricature of your past as being more different than you are now, then it really was. So even thought there is a fundamental sameness, you may say I was a loser then but im awesome now. We look back on the past and ways we don’t even realize, we alter and distort the actual record to meet our actual goals in the moment. o Other potential biases?- Metacognitive knowledgeo So what you know about how to interface with your own memory. So the amount and nature of what you’re able to recall and how you interpret that information depends on how you try to remember things and what you know about your own processes. Now that you know these biases you may have more self awareness of how to preventthese biases. - Motivation/ efforto How hard you’re working to remember something and how hard you’re trying and how much it means to you is all factors. - Attributional heuristics: fluency o Also, the ways in which our memory judgments about our past reflect a reasoning process. So we experience a sense of familiarity about something and have to figure out how to interpret that familiarity.o If we see something and say oh yea that’s weird, like a priming effect, we often use that as a clue or cue to tell us it must be something we experienced before.Factors at time of recallThe role of elicitation procedure- Misinformation effect (Loftus) (after you experienced something and someone starts talking to you about it, when people start talking about the thing that happened you can see where people lose the ability to distinguish between the original information and things that were said about an event after it took place. A leading question builds some kind of assumption intoa question that the person may not even notice. If you do this you can alter someone’s thinking. Our memory trace is vulnerable to somehow being altered or distorted by the kinds of information that arises subsequent to what happens. Afterwards, there was a post- even manipulation where built


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BU PSYC 358 - Further Topics in Everyday Memory

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