Ocg 451 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 9 14 Lecture 9 Physical Oceanography Basic Concepts in Ocean Physics be able to describe the following terms of Earth 1 Thin fluid 2 Density stratified a Temperature b Salinity c Density 3 Rotating a Coriolis force i Is this actually a force Why or why not ii How does it differ between the northern and southern hemisphere b What is centrifugal force 4 Self gravitating a How is this important with the concepts of waves b What are surface and internal waves 5 Sphere a What two forces define the earth s shape Ocean Forcing and Response 1 Be able to describe the Ocean Forcing and Response General Considerations diagram that was shown multiple times throughout the lectures What does this show us 2 What is thermohaline forcing Describe the bathtub diagram 3 Describe wind driven currents What does wind direction depend on What are circulation patterns in the upper ocean like What do they result in 4 Describe ocean waves and how they can differ Earth and Ocean Heat Budget 1 Where does heat entering the ocean come from 2 What is albedo Be able to talk about radiation 3 Describe the heat budget for the world ocean what equation is used to describe this 4 What about Earth s water budget What two components make it up 5 Describe the evaporation precipitation and sea surface salinity graph 6 Where is the highest density water 7 What is the most important component of density 8 Define Water mass 9 What are the examples of water masses in the ocean Large Scale Atmospheric Circulation Winds 1 What causes winds How are winds described in terms of direction 2 What is a Hadley Cell Ferrell Cell Polar Cell 3 Be able to talk about global wind patterns Lecture 10 Ocean Surface Circulation Part 1 General Features of Ocean Surface Circulation a What are gyres Be able to describe the directions that they rotate in b What are Western Boundary Currents Describe them c What are Eastern Boundary Currents Describe them d Describe features of the North Atlantic Gyre Coriolis and Centrifugal Forces Revisited 1 What causes these rotations Be able to talk about the differences between the Coriolis force and Centrifugal Force 2 What equation is associated with the Coriolis force What values are involved Dynamic of the Ocean Surface Circulation 1 Be able to discuss Newton s Law and its importance in this situation Steady State Balances 1 What is a steady state 2 What is geostrophy What does it have to do with the topography of the ocean 3 What is hydrostacy Steady State Balances Wind Forced 1 Be able to talk about the Ekman Balance What is the Ekman spiral What is Ekman Transport Lecture 11 Ocean Surface Circulation Part 2 Review 1 What equations are involved with Ekman dynamics What variables do they involve Ocean Upwelling and Downwelling 1 Be able to discuss divergence and vorticity Together what do they describe 2 What is coastal upwelling downwelling and what are they examples of What are some important factors of upwelling 3 What is equatorial upwelling 4 What is Langmuir Circulation Large Scale Ocean Circulation Gyre Dynamics 1 Be able to discuss gyre circulation What are the mounds that were discussed in lecture 2 What is Western Intensification and where is it prevalent 3 What are warm core rings and cold core rings 4 Define meanders Steady State Equatorial Circulation 1 Define the dynamics of the equatorial undercurrent What is involved here Time Dependent Equatorial Circulation The El Nino Southern Oscillation 1 Be able to compare normal conditions to El Nino and La Nina conditions How do they vary Why 2 Be able to discuss global impacts Lecture 12 Review of Topics Be able to describe these topics in detail Geostrophic Flow Ekman Flow Upwelling Downwelling Gyre Circulation Equatorial Circulation El Nino Southern Oscillation La Nina Fundamental Theory and Models 1 What are density driven circulations 2 What is the fundamental concept of thermohaline circulations The Thermohaline Circulations of the Ocean 1 Be able to describe the intermediate waters deep waters and bottom waters discussed in lecture AAIW NPIW MIW RSIW NADW AADW AABW 2 Why is the Atlantic Ocean saltier than the Pacific Ocean 3 What is the global ocean conveyor belt What is the residence time of deep water 4 What is the ole of the Gulf Stream on climate Measuring Deep Ocean Circulations 1 How do we measure deep ocean circulations 2 What is an ADCP 3 What are RAFOS floats 4 What is the WOCE What was the goal of it 5 What are ARGO floats Lecture 13 Ocean Waves Fundamental Definitions 1 Define the following terms wavelength wave height wave steepness wave period frequency constructive interference destructive interference dispersion fetch 2 What is the equation used for ocean waves 3 Be able to discuss the wave spectra diagram that depicts the generating forces of the different types of ocean waves Progressive Waves Surface Gravity Waves focusing on chops and swells 1 What generates most surface waves What are the exceptions 2 What is the fundamental mechanism of surface gravity waves 3 Describe wave motion Describe the differences between deep and shallow water waves 4 How do you calculate wave speed 5 What four characteristics make up the variety and size of wind generated ocean waves 6 What are the 3 main phases of the life history of surface gravity waves Why are they important What are confused seas Why do waves break at the shoreline How is this related to wave steepness Progressive Waves Tsunamis 1 What are tsunamis How do they form 2 Are there such things as tsunami warnings Explain 3 How can tsunamis be monitored Progressive Waves Internal Waves 1 What is the dead water phenomenon 2 What are the fundamental mechanisms of internal waves 3 How do internal waves affect ecology 4 What are the properties of internal waves How are they generated Standing Waves 1 Describe nodes versus antinodes 2 What is resonance Lecture 14 Circulation in the Surf Zone Tides Tidal Characteristics 1 Describe the main general characteristics of tides 2 Be able to describe semi diurnal diurnal and mixed tides 3 How can tides be measured Tide Generating Forces 1 What equation is used to represent the gravitation attractive force between two objects What context can this equation be used in what can do we plug in for variables Equilibrium Theory of Tides 1 What is the equilibrium theory of tides 2 What is a tidal bulge What causes them 3 What impact does the sun have on tides What are spring and neap tides How