GEOL 404 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. Formation of PetroleumII. KerogenIII. Catagenesis or Thermal MaturationOutline of Current Lecture IV. Source RocksV. Clay MineralogyVI. Clay Mineral TypesVII. Physical Changes with BurialCurrent LectureIV. Source Rocksa. Fine grained clastics, either clay and silt, and carbonatesi. Sand - .05 to 2mm feels grittyii. Silt - .002 to .05 feels smoothiii. Clay - Less than .002 feels silkyb. The type of rock changes depending on the percentage of each type of grainc. Shalei. Is composed of minerals, like clay, and also organic matter and pore waterii. Pore water is the free water plus the bounded water.d. Clay Mineralsi. Are silicate layer sheets and can be either silicate tetrahedral sheet or an aluminum octahedral sheetii. These also have Constitutive water within the octahedral layersiii. Bounded water is found in the scructured water plus the mobile water in the interlayer sheets. V. Clay Mineralogya. Contain 2 basic categories: Silica and Aluminumb. Each of these basics can form sheets most commonly known as tetrahedron and octahedronc. Isomorphous Substitutioni. Is essentially replacing an ion for another of similar size within a crystalline structure of clayii. By doing this the charge and location of charge will change. Basically chemistry. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Ionic Radiii. Tetrahedral Sheets -Si, Al, Fe -.042-.064 radiusii. Octahedral Sheets -Al,Fe,Mg,Zn -.051-.07 radiusiii. Exchange Sites -Al,Fe,Mg,Zn,Fe2,Na,Ca,K,O-2 -.052-.14 radiuse. What is the difference between Adsorption and Absorptionf. What is the difference between surface bonding vs internal structureVI. Clay Mineral Typesa. Types change based on:i. the numbers and combinations of structural unitsii. the number of cationsiii. the size and location of layer chargeiv. the absence or presence of interlayer cationsb. 2 Types: 1:1 and 2:1 Claysi. 1:11. Kaolinitea. Doesn’t expand – No swellingb. 4 sheets, 2 tetrahedral and 2 octahedralii. 2:11. Smectitea. Expands – Max swellingb. 6 sheets, 4 tetrahedral and 2 octahedral2. Vermiculitea. Expands – Some swellingb. 6 sheets, same as Smectite3. Illitea. Nonexpanding – Min Swellingb. 6 sheets, same as Smectite with Potasium 4. Chloritea. Nonexpanding – Min Swelling b. 7 sheets, same as Smectite with one Hydroxide sheetc. Smectitei. Usually when temperature is around 75-110 degrees celsius, the waterwill be extracted, and it's considered your oil window. ii. After losing the water, it will change to Illiteiii. Composed of two sheets of silicon tetrahedral and one sheet of aluminum octahedral linked by oxygen atomsd. Illitei. Water can still be lost by increasing the temperature to 110-140 degrees celsisus. e. Kaolinitei. Is formed when the temperature is increased to anything greater than 600 degrees celsisus.ii. Composed of sheets of silicon tetrahedral and aluminum octahedral linked by shared oxygen atomsiii. There is no water between the structural layersShale CompactionVII. Physical Changes with Buriala. Increase burial depth=i. Increase in pore fluid pressureii. Increase in temperatureiii. Decrease in porosityiv. Decrease in pore sizev. Decrease in size of organic moleculesb. Types of wateri. Normal pore waterii. Structured water bounded to layersc. Claysi. Illitic or kaolinitic clays have one stage dewatering ii. Smectitic clays have two stage dewateringd. Hydrocarbonsi. We already know that they have primary and secondary migrationii. Process1. Generated hydrocarbonds have a loss in primary migration, loss in secondary migration2. There is then another loss to non commercial accumulations3. And finishes with commercial accumulations a. The essential recovery of IOOP is very very low. iii. The clay dewatering has been proposed as one of the processes for hydrocarbon primary