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UCM BIOL 1005 - Energy Fuels PPT

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BIOL 1005 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. VideoOutline of Current Lecture I. Energy SourcesII. Nonrenewable Energy SourcesIII. Nonrenewable EnergyIV. Formation of Fossil FuelsV. Coal TypesVI. OilVII. Natural GasVIII. Extracting CoalIX. Coal UseX. Mining CoalXI. ProblemsXII. Extracting OilXIII. Crude Oil Must Be “Refined”XIV. ProblemsXV. Extracting Natural GasXVI. Natural GasXVII. ProblemsXVIII. CoalXIX. Oil Natural GasCurrent LectureI. Energy Sources- As demand increased, reliable sources were required - Oil, coal and natural gas represent 90% of world’s commercially traded energy!!!II. Nonrenewable Energy Source- resource: useful to humans and can be extracted (anything humans value and can get)- reserves: resources which can be profitably extractedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Nonrenewable Energy- Coal - 27%- Oil - 40%- Natural Gas - 21%1 - 47% of electricity from coal- US uses 2X the amount of watts per person per day as opposed to other countries IV. Formation of Fossil Fuels- 300 million years ago, many wetlands occurred - Plant and animal decomposition is inhibited under water - Coal - Oil - Natural GasV. Coal Types- When buried under seas (weight of plants, sediments and water), higher pressures – Peat – not a good energy source- If enough pressure and heat (from the earth’s center) low energy – Lignite Coal - More pressure and heat—good energy for industrial use - Bituminous (soft) coal [low water content] - Given enough time at high temperature and pressure – deepest down – most desirable – most energy: Anthracite (hard) coal VI. Oil- formed from vast pool of bodies of microorganisms which released droplets of oilon decomposition. - Sediments trapped oil - shale (oil not very concentrated)- Sandstone layers above shale allows oil pools to develop (in pores of sandstone). VII. Natural Gas- similar to oil, but end products are more volatile- Natural gas and Oil are formed through the same process- Natural gas and oil are taken for granted – only a limited amountVIII. Extracting Coal- Lignite: least desirable form. - Bituminous: easiest to mine, but not very “clean”. - Anthracite: most energy per ton, but found quite deep so it is expensive. IX. Coal Use- Bituminous and anthracite: estimated 618 billion tonnes - 1993: 3.5 billion tonnes produced (25% increase since 1980, most by U.S. and China). X. Mining Coal- surface mining (strip mining)o < 100 meters deepo remove overburdeno very efficient in terms of the percent of coal the mine recovers.- underground miningo vertical shaft down to coal seamo horizontal shaft through seamXI. Problems- land must be reclaimed after surface mining (costs passed to consumers). - subsidence can occur from underground mining. - black lung disease (costs not passed to consumers - externality). - transportation costs - air pollution (dust and burning). - acid mine drainage XII. Extracting Oil - Easy oil fields have already been tapped and drained - Costs (in U.S.) continually increasing - 1993: estimated 1,000 billion barrels of reserves (3/4’s are in OPEC).XIII. Crude Oil Must Be “Refined”- distillation tower allows various compounds to be separated. - “cracking” (heat and pressure) produces more volatile chemicals. - products are raw materials for many other products (e.g. plastics)XIV. Problems- many similar to coal - oil spills in oceans -only about 40% of oil pollution in oceans is from spills....60% from routine handling.- oil in soils contaminates underground water- photochemical smog XV. Extracting Natural Gas- Supplies about 21% of the world’s energy. - Typically found by drilling wells, and often found with oil. - Long pipelines are expensive, so much natural gas is burned as a “waste” productat the well head. XVI. Natural Gas- Russia and Middle East have 3/4’s of known reserves.- (1/3 of reserves in just 10 large fields)- 100% increase in production in past 25 years.- Major obstacle for using natural gas (especially in developing nations) is in distribution.- can be liquefied at cold temperatures (liquefied natural gas). - can be converted to methanol (liquid alcohol). - Is used to make fertilizers and various petrochemicals. XVII. Problems- most environmentally friendly when burned of the three major fossil fuels. - some odor - danger of explosion or fire- few known environmental problems if spilled but new method of extraction (fracing) has potential problems being studied now.XVIII. Coal- Estimated 220 year supply at present rate of demand (based on known reserves) or 65 years with 2% increases. 100 years could be added with "potential" unidentified deposits.- World meters lists 422 years. XIX. Oil- OIL reserves, however, are estimated to last only 35 -85 years depending on use. At the current rate oil will last 40 years. The demand for oil increases by 2% per year. US reserves will last 24 years at this increasing rate.- World meters lists 42 years.XX. Natural Gas- Natural gas should last 65-80 years in the US and 125 years globally. This couldbe raised to 200 years if more expensive unconventional supplies are included or 80 years with the 2% increase.- World meters lists 168


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