The Dobe Ju/‘hoansiJu/‘hoansi HistoryRecent History: N!ai FilmKalahari Research ProjectThe Marshall FamilyContemporary ForagersANTY 101D 1st Edition Lecture 21The Dobe Ju/‘hoansiRichard Lee: Ethnography of Foragers of the KalahariJu/‘hoansi History-40,000 years archaeological record of foragers in Dobe area-Hottentots (Dutch)• Herding people, click language• khoi= “the people”-San= ‘aborigines’• non herding people, similar to khoi• no use of domesticated plants/animals• they do trading with neighbors• Southern Africa, West Bantu (dark skinned herders)-Whites settle interior: 18th Century Genocide• Diseases and warfare• San survived in Kalahari; lived alongside herding people• Yellow San and Black San —> due to intermarriage -San or Dobe Ju- ‘Yellow San’1• Namibia, Botswana, Southern Angola • Europeans began colonizing Africa• 3 Language families (click)-Herero & Tswana pastoralists in Dobe area• Dark skinned, different language & ancestry Recent History: N!ai Film-Hunt giraffes—> cultural relativism/ethnocentrism, our elk -Arranged marriages (suggested)-Old community mindset— share, stay put-Community w/ whites— no longer stay after disease, dispute -Government mandated modernization since 1950s-Relocation policies— not compatible with current land uses, diamond mining, wild life -Court cases and United Nations Human Rights Council -Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Botswana• Forced transition to agriculture (unhappy) Recruited in Army, tourism Kalahari Research Project-Richard Lee- 1960s-Dozens of researchers studies Dobe Ju/‘hoan-Best documented foraging society2• Ecology, ethnography, folklore, healing, health, childbearing, gender, ethnoarchaeology, political, economy, linguistics-Dobe =3,000 square miles-15 month at /Xai/Xai, main Dobe water hole-What is he trying to find out?• How we got to where we are today, surplus?-Asking permission: First Impressions?• Tobacco• a ‘white man of our own’-Environment and Subsistence: Making a living-Humans and Environment• Natural resources • Biological Resources• Climate and Seasonality; variability-How does environment (habitat) influence culture and behavior?• Determintive• Irrelevant• Structural The Marshall Family-N!ai: Story of !Kung Woman (1951-1978)3• made to compare and contrast with• biased-Laurence & Lona Marshall (Harvard Anthropologist)• kids John and Elizabeth-!Kung San or Bushman-Nyae Nyae region 1951-Books and films for 1950s through 1990sContemporary Foragers -Foraging= longest human adaptation• Hunting and gathering -Twin pitfalls of racism and romanticism • romantic; idealizing lifestyle, simple and happy• racism; too simple, of lesser civilization, to be taught -Hadza of Tanzania (Southern Africa)-San: eye folds, light skin, little body hair, small stature-Genetic Studies• ancestral population cluster 70K-100K ya• Ju & Hadza: 2 of the % most genetically diverse living populations• Carry oldest Y chromosome & mtDNA
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