Bios 208 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Formation of a proton [H +] gradientII. An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular RespirationIII. Anaerobic bacteriaIV. Types of FermentationV. The Evolutionary Significance of GlycolysisOutline of Current Lecture I. The Versatility of CatabolismII. Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)III. Photosynthesis Feeds the BiosphereIV. Tracking Atoms through PhotosynthesisV. The Splitting of WaterVI. Photosynthesis as a Redox ProcessVII. The Two Stages of PhotosynthesisCurrent LectureI. The Versatility of CatabolismA. Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration.B. Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates.C. Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.D. Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetylCoA).E. Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield acetyl CoAF. An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate.II. Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways)A. The body uses small molecules to build other substances.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. These small molecules may come directly from food, from glycolysis, or from the citric acid cycle.III. Photosynthesis Feeds the BiosphereA. Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy directly or indirectly, photosynthesis nourishes almost the entire living worldB. Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organismsC. Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic moleculesD. Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using the energy of sunlight to make organic moleculesE. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists, and some prokaryotesF. These organisms feed not only themselves but also most of the living worldG. Heterotrophs obtain their organic material from other organismsH. Heterotrophs are the consumers of the biosphereI. Almost all heterotrophs, including humans, depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2J. The Earth’s supply of fossil fuels was formed from the remains of organisms that died hundreds of millions of years agoK. In a sense, fossil fuels represent stores of solar energy from the distant pastL. The Earth’s supply of fossil fuels was formed from the remains of organisms that died hundreds of millions of years agoM. In a sense, fossil fuels represent stores of solar energy from the distant pastN. Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy in foodO. Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteriaP. The structural organization of these cells allows for the chemical reactions of photosynthesisQ. Leaves are the major locations of photosynthesisR. Their green color is from chlorophyll, the green pigment within chloroplastsS. Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leafT. Each mesophyll cell contains 30–40 chloroplastsU. CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores called stomataV. The chlorophyll is in the membranes of thylakoids (connected sacs in the chloroplast); thylakoids may be stacked in columns called granaW. Chloroplasts also contain stroma, a dense interior fluidIV. Tracking Atoms Through PhotosynthesisA. Photosynthesis is a complex series of reactions that can be summarized as the following equation.a) 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2OB. Chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product.V. The Splitting of WaterA. Chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product.VI. Photosynthesis as a Redox ProcessA. Photosynthesis reverses the direction of electron flow compared to respiration.B. Photosynthesis is a redox process in which H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced.C. Photosynthesis is an endergonic process; the energy boost is provided by light.VII. The Two Stages of PhotosynthesisA. Photosynthesis consists of the light reactions (the photo part) andB. Calvin cycle (the synthesis part)C. The light reactions (in the thylakoids)a) Split H2Ob) Release O2c) Reduce NADP+ to NADPHD. Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylationE. The Calvin cycle (in the stroma) forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPHF. The Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation, incorporating CO2 into organic moleculesG. The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPHH. Chloroplasts are solar-powered chemical factoriesI. Their thylakoids transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and