PSYCH 330 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 6 -7Lecture #6(March 9th)How does sound pass through the inner ear structures? How is the signal propagated?Hearing-transduction=the conversion of outside stimuli to sensory system by way of a neural signal-hair cells are the sensory cells for hearing-compression/expansion of air molecules=stimulus-hearing is mechanical energy->electrochemical neural signalMechanics of Hearingeardrum moves hammer moves oval window-origin of corti=where receptor cells are, inner/outer hair cells-inner hair cells=receptor cells that transduce-liquid moves hairs, hairs are the peripheral cells that cause signaling, if you don’t have inner hair cells you cannot hear; w/o the outer hair cells you can still hear because outer just amplify and clarifyVariations of sounds-where the peak displacement is determines properties of sound-how far along the membrane it goes decides if it’s high/low frequency-amplitude decides how far the fluid travels in the cochlea, big waves,low frequency=low pitched, in cochlea the fluid reaches the apex which is farther in, reaches hair cells farther in the cochlea-hearing aids are substitutes for cochleaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Transductionsound->sound waves cause eardrum to vibrate->eardrum vibrates ossicles->ossicles pass vibrations onto the oval window->cochlea-Hairs cells transduce by- the tip link on the cilium stretches and opens channels causing a neurotransmitter to be released, cilium are not neuronsCNS-stop at cochlear nucleus located in the primary auditory cortex, some of the info crosses into the superior olivary nucleus on the other side->midbrain into inferior colliculus->thalmus->cortex in temporal lobeLecture #7(March 23rd)What are the jobs of the various types of cells involved in sight? How do they all correlate?Sight-vision is the electromagnetic energy sensed by photoreceptor cells(rods/cones) that send messages to through the optic tracts that end up in the occipital cortex-cornea->pupil->lens->rods+cones in retina-retina is at the back of the eyes, at the back because rods and cones are constantly being regenerated-light enters->ganglion->bipolar->rods/cones-graded potential changes the release of neurotransmitters by rods/cones, release of neurotransmitters results in a fire in action potential in neighboring ganglion cellsRods/Cones-cones are sensitive to bright light, don’t work at night because there is no light-cones are in the fovea which is the center of the retina, sensory cells in the fovea are connected to a single bipolar cell thats connected to a single ganglion-rods are more numerous in the periphery, periphery has lots of rods, fewer bipolar and less ganglion so the signal is filtered-peripheral vision is terrible because most of the cones are gathered in the center-we have color vision because of different cones-blue(short),red(long),green(middle), red light hits eyes->mostly caught for the red cones, some is caught by the middle and not very much is caught by the blue-missing or dysfunctional cones=colorblind-blind spot=where you have no rods or conesArea where to visual field cross=optic chiasm-all info enters the optic chiasm is filtered into right/left-left visual field is collected in one tract after the chiasm-right visual field is collected in one tract after the chiasm-if you severe a tract you lose vision in one visual field in both eyes-takes optic nerve->crosses chiasm->optic tracts, takes one pathway: geniculostriate system, tectopuluinar system, retinohypothalmic system(80-90% take the contralateral or opposite side path)->takes occipital tracts to get to occipital