NREM 120 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 14 25 Lecture 14 February 16 What is soil What is needed to grow plants What are the different properties of soil What is the texture of soil How is soil an organic matter Soils are the foundation for plant growth Soil is Naturally occurring Repetitive pattern across the landscape Temporary variable dynamic Non renewable To get plants to grow you need Soil and water Soil and gases Photosynthesis and Respiration reverse photosynthesis Soil properties Texture and textural class Soil organic matter Porosity CEC chemical buffering pH Properties Texture Texture sand silt clay 100 Sand 0 05 2 0mm gives strength macropores between grains aeration infiltration Sand is inert chemically Silt 0 05 0 002mm Clay 0 002mm colloids physical properties are a problem Holds water very tightly and has poor aeration infiltration storage and drainage Properties Soil Organic Matter OM decayed and decaying biological materials humus OM sponge like aeration and infiltration OM high water storage and drainage OM excellent CEC nutrients etc OM no strength Lecture 15 February 18 What is the role of soils in the environment What are pores What are two chemical properties of soil What are the different horizons of soil Role of soils in the environment especially plant growth Water Nutrients Gas exchange Waste disposal Environmental quality Pores void between solids Ideal soil for plant growth 50 pores and 50 solids Ideal soil for plants has BD 1 35 g cm2 or 84 lbs f3 The most common chemical property we think about pH logarithm of the H activity pH measure acidity and alkalinity Important soils because affects nutrient availability and toxin concentrations A second chemical property Cation Exchange Capacity CEC moles of positive charge a weight of soil can hold Soils are chemically reactive CEC tells how well buffered a soil is Nutrients and pollutants Soil profiles a vertical sequence of horizons A horizon OM enrichment and biological activity E horizon zone of eluviation B horizon zone of illuviation C horizon parent material Humans cause change in soil Lecture 16 February 23 Agroecology What is agroecology What are the different parts of a farm ecosystem What was the Green Revolution What are the problems that farms are facing Agroecology application of ecological concepts and principles to the design and management of sustainable agroecosystems Parts of a farm ecosystem Predator insects Corn borer Root tip Nematodes and earthworms Detritavores Soil and nutrient management non point source pollution Farmers are doing very well at feeding the world in developed countries now The Green Revolution industrialized agriculture Per Capita food production increased Problems facing farming Urban sprawl and acreages are the current greatest threat to farmland in the US Desertification in the western US north Africa and parts of Asia Farms are converted grasslands or forests and therefore represent a major loss in biodiversity and change in habitat for other organisms Lecture 17 February 25 Aquatic Ecosystems What are the different types of aquatic environments What are the different types of lake classification and succession What are the different seasonal cycles for lakes Types of aquatic environments Wetlands wet but not completely submerged inundated or saturated soils with vegetation Marine sub tidal intertidal Freshwater lakes rivers marshes swamps Estuarine sub tidal intertidal Lacustrine lake and Riverine river Palustrine wetlands Marsh Marine approximately 70 of the earth s surface Freshwater Lentic standing water lakes ponds reservoirs bogs swamps marshes Littoral and Limnetic zones measures penetration of sunlight Compensation level or depth Euphotic and Profundal zones Lotic flowing water streams and rivers with riffles and pools in them reservoirs Lake Classification and Succession Oligotrophic few nutrients like Lake Superior large deep and very cold Mesotrophic Eutrophic high nutrients like most Iowa lakes Swamp marsh bog pond etc as fill in and move toward terrestrial system Temperature Thermal Stratification and Annual Lake Cycle Seasonal cycle in lakes Winter stratification Spring overturn Summer stratification Fall overturn Lecture 18 February 27 Water Resources Quantity What are water distribution and reserves Define watershed What are the effects of land clearing on stream discharge What are the different categories of water use Water distribution and reserves Mining water Ghost acreage Watershed a land area draining into a river or other body of water Effects of land clearing on stream discharge More intense floods Floods come more ofen Ground water declines and tendency for drought increases Categories of water use Withdrawal nonconsumptive use Withdrawal consumptive use Nonwithdrawal nonconsumptive Lecture 19 March 2 Water Quality What are the different water regulations What are the types of pollution What are the different river zones What are the parts of sewage treatment What are different ocean pollutants Regulations Clean Water Act 1977 1987 FWPCA 1987 List of Impaired Waters TMDLs Pollution Point Source comes out of a pipe Non point source diffuse inputs ex storm water runoff Groundwater pollution Major types of pollution Disease producing organisms Sediment Inorganic Nutrient Pollution Toxics Heavy Metal Oxygen demanding Organic wastes Rivers Zone of decline Zone of active decomposition Zone of recovery Zone of clean water Sewage Treatment Primary Secondary and Tertiary Ocean pollution Plastics oil pollution etc Lecture 20 March 4 Freshwater Fisheries Resources and Management What is a fishery What are the different economic aspects What are the factors affecting water quality fishing pressure and introduced species What are different management context tools Fishery industrial place where aquatic animals are caught Economic aspects Sport more economic impact Commercial less economic impact Factors affecting water quality Temperature depth velocity turbidity Factors affecting fishing pressure Predation by non humans Sport subsistence and commercial Factors affecting introduced species Competition predation hybridization ex Silver carp largemouth bass rainbow trout etc Management context and tools Habitat Maintain and restore Watershed restoration Water quality improvement Biota Maintain biodiversity Fishers Rules closed seasons size limits creel catch limits Lecture 21 March 6 Saltwater Fisheries What are the major groups of saltwater