PSYX 100s 1st Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture I Long Term Memory II Organization of Memory III Retrieval IV Forgetting Outline of Current Lecture I Language II Language and Development Current Lecture I II Language a Language is i Symbolic words convey meaning ii Generative infinite amount of symbols possible iii Structured rules to combine symbols b Creating a language i Phonemes smallest speech unit basic sounds ii Morphemes smallest unit of meaning includes root words prefixes suffixes c Creating meaning in language i Semantics understanding the meaning of words and word combinations 1 Denotation definition of a word 2 Connotation emotional overtones and secondary implications of a word ii Syntax rules that specify how words can be arranged into sentences Language and Development a Learning to use a language follows a developmental sequence i Learning to pronounce words ii Learning to use single words iii Learning to combine words to form sentences These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute b Pronouncing words 0 3 months i 3 month old infants can distinguish phonemes from all the world s languages 1 Including phonemes they do not hear in their environment 2 Ability disappears around 12 months of age ii Adults cannot discriminate phonemes outside of native language c Progression of sound i Developing neural pathways and vocal instruments ii Early on less than 6 months cooing laughing crying iii 6 18 months babbling iv 10 13 months first words spoken more like sounds that correspond to words v 18 months great variance in words spoken can usually understand more than they can say vi 18 24 months vocabulary spurt faster retention of words vii 24 months beginning of sentence formation telegraphic speech viii 36 months more complicated sentences expression of plural and past tense d Common Errors using Words 18 24 months i During this time of vocabulary explosion children often make errors 1 Overextension child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects than it is meant to 2 Underextension child incorrectly uses word to describe a narrower set of objects than is meant to 3 Overregularizations children internalize rules of grammar and syntax and then apply them wrong e General Vocabulary Building i Receptive comprehension larger in toddlers ii Productive production of words iii Objects over actions English speakers learn objects first then actions iv Vocabulary spurt beings 18 24 months f Refining word usage i Metalinguistic awareness ability to reflect on the use of language 1 Understanding literal vs implied meaning 2 Use of metaphors sarcasm and irony
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