PSYX 100s 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I Human Memory II Encoding III Storage Outline of Current Lecture I Long Term Memory II Organization of Memory III Retrieval IV Forgetting Current Lecture I II III Long Term Memory LTM a LTM has an unlimited capacity b Information is stored for a long time Organization of Memory a Schema organized cluster of knowledge about an object event formed from previous experience set of expectations b Schemas aid in memory c Clustering we remember similar items in a group i Making associations d Conceptual hierarchy multilevel classification system based on common properties e Semantic network concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts f Spreading activation when people think about a word their thoughts naturally go to related words Retrieval a Accuracy of memory most of us assume that our memories are accurate and provide invaluable information about who we are These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute IV b Tip of the tongue phenomenon temporary inability to remember something you know i Constitutes a failure in retrieval c Retrieval cues aid in recall i Context putting information into context helps in recollection ii Context cues cues about the context in which an event occurred d Reconstructing memories memories are reconstructions of past events i May be inaccurate ii Tainted by emotions and perspective iii Misinformation effect when recall is altered by misleading information iv Schemas may influence inaccuracy e Source and Reality Monitoring i Source monitoring deciding where memories came from 1 Source monitoring error when memories are misattributed to a source ii Reality monitoring process of deciding whether memories are based on external or internal sources Forgetting a Measures of forgetting i Retention proportion of material retained 1 Recall requires reproduction of material without cues 2 Recognition requires selection from an array of options 3 Relearning requires memorization of material a second time to determine the amount of time saved from previous time b Causes of forgetting i Ineffective encoding usually due to lack of attention ii Decay memories fade over time iii Interference we forget information due to competition from other material iv Retroactive new material impairs retention of old material v Proactive old material impairs retention of new material vi Retrieval failure when a mismatch occurs between retrieval cues and the encoding of the information you are searching for vii Motivated forgetting forgetting things you do not want to think about
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