PSYX 100 1st Edition Lecture 13 Outline of Last Lecture I Biological Rhythms II Circadian Rhythms III Sleep IV The Sleep Cycle V Functions of Sleep VI Age Culture and Sleep Outline of Current Lecture I Sleep Restriction II Sleep Disorders III Dreams IV Culture and Dreams V Dream Theories Current Lecture I Sleep Restriction a Getting by with substantially less sleep b This may cause sleep debt i Over time we accumulate a debt from getting too little sleep c Negative impact impairs cognitive functioning and weakens the immune system d People are typically unaware of how significantly lack of sleep effects them e Studying sleep deprivation i Selective deprivation deprivation of specific sleep cycles in participants ii Rebound effect increase in the restricted sleep cycle iii Sleep stages help solidify memories and increase learning These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute II iv People who sleep 7 9 hours a night throughout their lifetimes tend to live longer v When we get sick we tend to sleep more in order to boost our immune cells vi Chronic sleep debt has also been implicated in alterations in metabolic and hormonal functioning vii Sleep affects mood and ability to cope Sleep Disorders a Insomnia i Chronic problems with getting adequate sleep ii Most common sleep disorder iii Three types 1 Difficulty falling asleep initially 2 Difficulty remaining asleep 3 Early morning awakenings iv Increases with age v Causes 1 Stress tension 2 Emotional disorders 3 Health problems vi Treatments 1 Sedatives have poor long range effectiveness a Dependence and possibility of OD b Over prescribed c May have daytime effects 2 New sedatives may be better 3 Melatonin mild sedative 4 Behavioral treatment a Relaxation b Sleep hygiene c As effective if not more as medication b Narcolepsy i Sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods ii Treatment plan 3 4 short naps stimulants iii Subject goes from being directly awake to REM sleep 1 May be genetic c Sleep Apnea i Frequent reflexive gasping for air that awakens the person and disrupts sleep ii Less serious forms may be treated through lifestyle changes iii May also be treated via drug therapy surgery or with a sleep apnea mask d Nightmares i Nightmares anxiety arousing dreams that lead to awakening III IV V ii Stress increases frequency and intensity iii More common in children iv Persistent nightmares may indicate emotional troubles e Night Terrors i Abrupt awakening from non REM sleep with intense autonomic arousal and panic ii Occurs in stage 4 early in the night iii More common in children f Somnambulism i Sleep walking ii Tends to occur during first 2 hours of sleep slow wave sleep iii Lasts a few seconds to 30 minutes iv Genetic predisposition but cause is unknown Dreams a Dreams are complex and controversial and bring about much debate among theorists b Content of dreams i Similar to everyday experiences ii We recall some dreams more than others 1 We remember unusual dreams 2 May center on internal conflicts 3 Some common themes c Top 5 most common dreams i Being chased or pursued ii Sexual experiences iii Falling iv School teachers studying v Arriving too late d Dreams are affected by our daily life e Content includes matters that we ignore during the day f Dreams are affected by stimuli presented while we re sleeping Culture and Dreams a Western culture real world is distinct from the dream world b Non western culture dreams are an important source of information about yourself and the future Dream Theories a Jung s View dreams express collective unconscious memories archetypes shared by all people b Archetype an idealized model of a thing common across cultures c Freud s View dreams reflect ungratified needs i Day residue content of waking life spills over to dreams ii Manifest content the plot of a dream at the surface level iii Latent content secret hidden meaning of a dream d Cognitive problem solving View i Everyday practical and emotional problems ii Continuity between sleep and waking thought iii Dreams don t follow rational and logical rules that our waking thought does 1 Allows for creativity e Activation synthesis model i Dreams are the side effect of neural activity in the brain ii Neurons firing in lower regions of the brain sometimes send signals to sub cortical regions iii Assume that dreams are meaningless iv Downplays the role of emotional factors in dream production