FWF 250 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 13Lecture 8 (February 12)1.) Define anadromous.These fish are born in freshwater but migrate to the ocean after one to two years.2.) What species is known as the “king” of salmon?Spring Chinook3.) How many times do salmon spawn in their lifetime?They only spawn once and die afterwards.4.) How does the Spring Chinook migrate back to its home before spawning?Smell 5.) What are their nests called?Redds6.) The Spring Chinook supplied who food long ago?Native Americans7.) What temperature of water do the Spring Chinook live?They must have cold water less than 70°F.8.) What occurs after the fish spawn and die?Their remains provide parental care to their offspring.Lecture 9 (February 19) 1.) What is the difference between springs and seeps?Springs consist of flowing water usually from rock, while seeps consist of a trickle of water usually from soil.2.) List some of the physiological areas of Tennessee.Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge Mountains, Cumberland, Central Basin, Upper Gulf Coastal Plain, etc.3.) What is the natural movement of rivers called?Meander 4.) The length of the S-shape of a river is how many times the width of the channel?Six 5.) What is a tributary?It is a feeder stream.6.) What characterizes a waterfall?To be considered a waterfall, the drop must be at least 5 feet; otherwise, it is a cascade.7.) The Tennessee River flows into what river?Ohio River8.) Define detritus.It is decaying plant material that feeds the stream.9.) Describe the order of the building blocks of rivers.detritus  invertebrates  minnows/small fish  trout/big fish10.) Define substrate.The composition of the bottom of a body of water.11.) Define benthic.The living beings at the bottom of a body of water.12.) List the mineral substrates from largest to smallest.boulder  cobble  gravel  pebble  sand  mud/silt  clay13.) What are some organic substrates?Fallen trees, living rooted plants, filamentous algae, and detritus.14.) List three invertebrates discussed in class ordered from most sensitive to least sensitive.- Stoneflies (Plecoptera)- Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)- Caddisflies (Tricoptera)Lecture 10 (March 3)1.) What are the benefits of having a tree on a riverbank?- Shade: affects temperature of the water- Erosion: holds bank in place and helps prevent erosion- Food Supply: supplies the stream with debris2.) What size rivers have the most diversity?Medium-sized rivers.3.) What is known as the second largest salamander in the world?Hellbenders. They are mostly found in public lands. Eastern and Ozark are the two subspecies. They feed primarily on crayfish.4.) For what are hellbenders a biological indicator?They indicate clean, cold water and a good benthic community.5.) List the three reasons as to why freshwater invertebrates are important.- They serve as food for other organisms.- They breakdown and cycle organic matter and nutrients.- They are biological indicators.6.) What species is known as the songbird of the water?Redline Darter7.) Give two examples each of the family Percidae and Cyprinidae.- Percidae: darters, perches- Cyprinidae: minnows, shiners8.) The central stoneroller is located where?They can be found in riffles and runs up to medium-sized streams. They scrape the algae off of the substrates.9.) What species of fish is known as hornyheads?River ChubLecture 11 (March 5)1.) Why was the Telico Dam built?It was built for recreation purposes.2.) People tried to fight the dam by using what act with what species?They fought it by using the Endangered Species Act with snail darters, but they failed.3.) How did officials wanting the Telico Dam win the fight?An amendment was hidden and signed that stated Telico was exempt from all federal law. 4.) Government officials claimed eminent domain to build the dam. What does this mean?They claimed that the dam would be good for the public.5.) What was flooded and buried?- Cherokee Archaeological Hotbed- Prime farmland, usually in creeks or river floodplains- Wetlands and wildlife (fish included)6.) What project was associated with a paper mill in Canton, NC?The Pigeon River Recovery Project: Restoring Aquatic Diversity was this project. The mill’s waste would run into the Pigeon River, and toxic effluent extirpated all snails, mussels, and most fish species. Operations began in 1908. Improvement was seen in the 1980s when both TN and NC were helping along with the EPA.7.) Where did they divert the Pigeon River?The river is diverted at Walter’s Dam. A 12 mile section of the river is diverted; moreover, a6 mile section runs through a tunnel to hydroelectric generating facility on the state line.8.) What was the first step towards improving the river?The mill was modernized, which reduced waste effluent.9.) To test the waters, what type of species was utilized?Snails were used in the 1990s to see if they could survive and reproduce, which was successful. Left-handed snails are tolerant to pollution. Right-handed snails live in clean water (“right”). If right-handed snails survived during this time, it meant that the waters were becoming cleaner.Lecture 12 (March 10)1.) For the introduction of species in the Pigeon River, how did they create a species list?- Historic stream records before the mill- Field guides, Range Maps- Reference similar, adjacent river(s) fauna2.) List the ways how the fish were collected in order to reintroduce them.- Kick seining: It required several people. No gaps could exist under the net. People would stir up sediment and kick rocks to guide the fish into the net.- Canary in the coal mine: Saffron shiners, mirror shiners, silver shiners, and telescope shiners were collected. The telescope shiners are not tolerant to sedimentation; therefore, they are a test for nonpoint source pollution. - Backpack shocking: Fish are temporarily stunned by the electrical current.3.) How were the reintroduced fish tagged?They were tagged using various colors of Visible Implant Fluorescent Elastomer (VIE). Silicone-based liquid was injected into the fish. This liquid would cure into a pliable solid. The color was implanted beneath transparent tissue.4.) After the reintroduction of the fish, how were they monitored?These fish were monitored by snorkeling and seining surveys. The annual Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) can be used. The introduced fish are located by their tag. Also, untagged fish are indicative of good reproduction. 5.) What must occur