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UNCW BIO 368 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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BIO 368 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Nervous SystemsCommand Center HypothesisCut head off then it will still move like attack and walk at the same timeIf cut off that whole section (head and neck area) then it won’t moveSo can still mate with head offUltrasonic avoidance behaviorsbats do this for insect preyInsect has to have really fast responses- at 5 it lifts its wings like a parachute and kind of stops while bat goes straight down and misses itUltrasonic avoidance behaviorsEar drum in their abdomen when ganglia is so can fly and respond to sounds without even thinking about itCircadian RhythymsCirca (around) dia (day) around the dayCircadian RhythymsInternal clock- waking up before alarm goes offFeedback from stimuli- acquire daily update of what sun is doing so that your circadian rhythyms are there-black marks recoding motion of crickets, mostly inactive during dayCircadian Rhythyms: How?Brain connected to optical ganglia; molecular or hormonal trigger that is like a 24 hour cycleCircadian Rhythyms: How? daily..SCN- in hypothalamus in brain; daily cyclePer&tau negative feedback:-per encodes PER, PER has negative feedback on per-PER stimulationNon-daily rhythyms-ground squirrels; if you hold them under ground with no sun or knowing when its hibernation time they still know- internal clock still tells themThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Communication: Signal transmissionCommunicationIf fish is bigger than me I should run away, if smaller then go after itDirect assessment: go up to fish and see if it’s bigger or notSecondary sources :Prior probabilities-taking advantage of prior information ofthe environment to what you know isalready going onIndirect cues- see how other animals are interacting with that fish and judge it based on thatamplifiers-to make it easier to assess some aspect of their condition; fish use contrasting colors to outline body so other fish can see how big they are (picture on slide)signals- actions that are undertaking with the express purpose of conveying informationTactical behavior- behaviors animals make to get ready for something; sheltering itself or backing away or something to show it’s ready to attackSignals, codes, repertoiresConflict resolution- confronting rival and see if attacks (mating)Territory Defense- whether invader is serious about coming to invade or if will have to invade it away (territorial)Contexts of SignalingCR- exchanges of threats; players are willing to escalate or deescalate TD-SI- attract mate; signal to other matesPO- where they are and they belong to meSI- be a part of a groupE- signals in the environmentA-bounce of something and it comes back to you; to sense your surroundingsTypes of Information transferThe Value of information-Males make signals to attract females and females make a signal to show they are female-Some flies exploit; larger species was trying to mimic the smaller one-Why do Photinus males keep responding to the signal? They have the risk of dying or not mate with anyoneP(A|X) x fitness --> Probability of A given X times fitness-if left side is bigger than right then it should mateThe Value of informationAttract mates by chuckingBats swoop down and get the male frogFrogs less likely to make chucks if females arent really there- if prob that females are present is low2 slides after SBMaking decisions based on informationSometimes code is not perfect between receiver and giverSong speed- faster the males sings the healthier it is and females want to mate with healthier malesIf hear in bettween song you don’t really know if the male is sick or healthy so the female has tomake a choice; they usually make a cut off, if the song is faster then this speed (second picture) then good if slower then badHit- correctly accepting healthy maleCorrect rejection- correctly rejecting sick maleMiss- healthy male but females decide that it’s sickfalse alarm- sick male that is incorrectly accepted ROC curve- put probability of false alarm on x-axis and probability of healthy alarm on y-axisExample: bird chick calls Sonogram of chicks calling; first 2 are colonial nesters (have to go to other chicks) and solitary nesters (same patterns of calling- because you have more chance that it’s your chick)March 17Coding- How much variability in signals?-receiver might ignore information that falls outside of certain parameter constraints-Stereotyping: few signals, signals are very differentCoding- Is that male display adequately good and if so then I’ll mate; instead of being a yes or no, you ask how aggressive will that animal be? Example with fish with range of colors to be more or less aggressiveSignal Evolution:Simplification- Head down tail up is more elaborate or could be less (have a simple behavior that can be more exaggerated like stereotype)Exaggeration- Repetition-Stereotypy-Motivational Conflict:Example-conflict between fear and aggressionBroadside- aggressiveness by going up to opponent and then turning sideways (in order to showhow big they are and because they are turned sideways they can escape)Displacement Acts: (“inappropriate actions inserted into the wrong context)-as a fight is escalating one of the animals will do something different that has nothing to do with fighting (one stops and bends down and starts eating some grass) (From old definition of displacing the rage of fighting to not use energy on fighting but to eat grass instead; Freudian thinking)- there must be some purpose to this display- could be confusion, deescalating the situation (both aggressive and want to show non aggression then maybe become submissive)Constraints on signal evolution:-conspicuousness to predators, energetic cost, time cost, conflict with original function (bird tail length is signal, long feathers better signal)-Look at color of guppies in ponds and can see what predators seeOptimizing Signals (types of signals that have evolved in given types of species)duty cycle- how frequently giving out signalhow uniquehow strongintention or arbitrary lengthOptimizing SignalsMate attraction- different species have different chirps; chemical signals spread around enough to be seen back to the startCourtship- short range because only signal between actor and intended recipient; only has to beas long to get her attention; usually visual since short range; to the female from the maleTerritory


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