AVS 324 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 (January 22)- Housing Animal needs to have appropriate and adequate housing - Reproduction- Nutrition Water, vitamins, minerals, carbs, protein Most important  protein (growth) Don’t overfeed protein b/c animals excrete it out anyway and you loose $- Marketing (important) How to make money Need to know how to market in order to make money People need to know about your “product” “Humane” “Free range”  “Organic” Do not raise animals humanely do not grow  loose $  Presentation= how you market your product Cater to audience Higher income area = people can pay more High end farmers market  can sell more $- Disease Prevention Biosecurity prevent access of disease to get into animal  People are willing to protect an investment – higher security Appropriate vaccination what is the risk level, where am I traveling to, risk of exposureLecture 2 (January 29) Chickens- Egg Layers- BroilersEgg Layers- Produces a lot of eggs & large eggs- Disease resistance- Long Lifespan- Feed Efficiency= the # of pounds of grain to give you a dozen eggso Lower feed efficiency is betterBoth evolved from one chickenLooks good on a label- Small Birdso Put more into a facilityo Eat less- Birds give one egg every day (24 hours) (ideal)- Molt: bird shuts down & allows itself to build up calciumo Almost ALL its feathers fall out & grow backo This happens after 72 weekso Commercial Molt Decrease food Turn off lights Full water How many times you do it and when you do it depends on the price of food & price of eggs- Farmer gets birds at 14 weeks old and puts them in pullet cages until 16 weeks old- Happy chickens  Hatchery  Pullet Cages  Egg Layers- Hatcheryproduces pullets year round. Hatchery keeps for 21 dayso Incubator has humidity, temp and rockingo This allows for cell division to occur- Happy Chickens (“The Breeders”)o Not pure bredo Do well in cageso Produce best offspring Offspring depend on area Down south tolerate heat Up north tolerate cold- Avian influenza: when birds are not making noise when they see you and al you hear is sneezing there is a problem- Chicken incubation period: 21 days- Duck/Turkey Incubation period: 28 days- Egg shells are porouso Composed of calcium carbonateo Yolk food for fetus (cholesterol)o Germicidal disk where fertilization occurso Albumen protects the yolko Vitalin is membrane around yolk- Hen can store semen for 14 days inside them o In a gland- Same temp, humidity and start rotating eggs: cause cell division in ALL eggs that the mother has laidCan manipulate this processLecture 3 (February 3)- Looking at the egg from the outside we see the shell, which is a hard, protective covering made of calcium carbonate. The shell is porous. (There are about 7,000 pores in a chicken eggshell.) This allows the transfer of gases through the shell. Carbon dioxide and moisture are given off through the pores and are replaced by atmospheric gases, including oxygen.- Immediately beneath the shell are two membranes, the outer and inner shell membranes. Thesemembranes protect the contents of the egg from bacteria and prevent moisture from leaving theegg too quickly.- Because the body temperature of a hen is approximately 106° F, eggs are very warm at the time they are laid. The temperature of the air is usually much lower than 106°F, and the egg cools to the temperature of its surroundings. As cooling takes place, the contents of the egg contract more than does the shell of the egg. This creates a vacuum and air is drawn through the pores ofthe egg.- As a result, an air cell forms at the large end of the egg. While the embryo is growing, the shell membranes surround and contain the white or albumen of the egg. The albumen provides the liquid medium in which the embryo develops, and it also contains a large amount of the protein necessary for proper development.- In a fresh egg, we can see white cords attached to the yolk sac. These two cords, called chalazae,are made of twisted strands of mucin fibers that are a special form of protein. The chalazae hold the yolk in the center of the egg.- The yolk is the source of food for the embryo and contains all the fat in the egg. The small white spot on the yolk is called the germicidal disc. The germinal disc is where the female's genetic material is found, and is the spot of fertilization. Germicidal DiskLecture 4 (February 5)- Chicken omnivore, monogastrico Digestive system o Crop sticks, stones, food  Holds food until hungry then releasesit into the “stomach” “Lunch box”o Proventriculus (true stomach) Mixes food with acido Gizzard (most powerful muscle in body) Grinds food into small pieceso Ceca (2 of them) (equal to appendix inhumans) When looking for disease look in thececa & you’ll find it because they’re“dead end” vents Esp. Coccidiosis o Infundibulum: sperm enters the egg o Magnum: albumin surround the yolk in this part of the ovaryo Isthmus: outer membranes are formed hereo Cloaca and digestive system share the vent- Broiler housing (10,000 birds on floor)o Get there at 1 day of age o No corners in building Young chicks will pile upin the corner when scared& will suffocate eachothero Key to broiler housing is biosecurity o Factors… High Growth Rate Feed efficient Amount of meat (muscle) Quality of meat (flavor)o Birds raised well a lot of fato Boneless & Skinless breast no fato 6 weeks alive before killed After this feed efficiency decreases Muscle gets so big heavier than bones- 12-14 weeks old will suffocateLecture 5 (February 10)- Fluo H7N2 o H5N1- Water Fowl biggest transmitter of flu virus on planet o Migrate (co-mingle up north and when they travel down south they bring the virus with them)o High level of exposure in the East b/c people livein close quarters with animals- Live Bird Markets can spread H7N2 or H5N1 o Get flu in spring from migration of water fowl o Water fowl are very resistant to avian influenza - Walk into a coop infected and hear snickering noises (chickensneezing) - The virus has two forms: high pathogenic and low pathogenic o If you lose 10-20% of your flock you should beconcernedo Affects chickens, turkeys, game birds, not so muchduck, or water fowlo Take blood & serum samples from flock Inject in 10 eggs- If 7 or more die