GGY 130 1st Edition Exam #2 Study GuideChapter 8: Climate-Why is it necessary to have a classification system for climates?• In order to understand climate regions and the differences each entails-How many major climate groups does the Koppen Classification System have?• Five*Be able to use the Koppen Classification System-What is a climograph?• A tool that is used to study world climatic classification-Which climate group has no winter and occupies almost all area within the tropics?• Tropical Humid climates-Which season receives very high levels of rain in a Tropical Monsoon climate?• Summer-What percentage of the world do Dry climates cover?• 30%-In between which climate regions can you find the Mild Midlatitude climate?• Between the Tropical regions and the Severe Midlatitude regions-What three subcategories are included in the Mild Midlatitude climates?• Mediterranean• Humid Subtropical• Marine West Coast -Which two subcategories is the Polar climate divided into?• Tundra and Ice cap-What geographic feature can be used to find the Tundra climate?• It is on the southern side of the boundary of the “treeline”-Which climate’s annual average temperature is below freezing?• The Ice CapsChapter 11: Terrestrial Flora-What two methods do plants use to reproduce?• Spores and Seeds-What is another name for gymnosperms?• Conifers-What category does moss fall into?• Byrophytes-What are plants called that have seeds?• Angiosperms-What does the term xerophytic refer to?• Adaptations to survive in dry conditions-What does the term hygrophytic refer to?• Adaptations to survive wet conditions-In which spatial association of plants would you expect to find canopies overlapping?• Forests-In which spatial association of plants would you find plants with branches near the ground • Shrublands -Are woodlands drier or wetter than forests?• Drier-What feature characterizes a wetland?• Shallow standing water-Which major biome has the greatest specie diversity?• Tropical Rainforest-Which major biome is found between Af and Aw?• Tropical Deciduous Forests-Which major biome is characterized by tall grass as the dominating the plant life?• Tropical Savanna-Which major biome is characterized by xerophytic plants and sparse plant cover?• Desert-Which major biome is characterized by the ability to recover rapidly after summer wildfires?• Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubland-Which major biome is characterized by dense tall broadleaf trees that provide a complete canopy in the summer?• Midlatitude Deciduous Forest-Which major biome has swamps, especially in the summer, and in co-located with the subtractclimate?• Boreal Forest-Which major biome is too cold for trees to survive, except in cases of Alpines at high elevation?• TundraChapter 12: Soils-What is soil?• Thin layer on top of Earth’s crust that is a complex mixture of minerals, organic materials, organisms, grasses, and liquids-What is regolith?• Inorganic matter that results from rock weathering-Which inorganic materials makes up regolith?• Sand, Silt, and Clay-What percentage of soil volume does organic matter consist of?• Less than five percent-True or False: Air in the soil is rich in oxygen.• False; it is rich in carbon dioxide-What is capillary water?• Water of cohesion; moisture which is held on to soil particles by surface tension-What important functions does water perform?• Dissolving essential nutrients for plant roots• Helps complete necessary chemical reactions• Mixes soil particles*Know how to use the Soil Texture Triangle-What does dark soil reference?• High levels of humus-What does a red coloured soil reference?• High iron oxide content-What does grey or blue soil reference?• Poor drainage-What is the “best” soil texture?• Loam-How many layers of the soil profile does the Solum include?• The top four layers*Know the Soil Profile Layers-What are the five soil forming factors?• Geological, Climatic, Topographic, Time, and Biological-What is laterization?• Rapid weathering of parent material; dissolution of minerals and speedy decomposition of organic matter-True or False: Soil formed by laterization good for agriculture.• False-What is latosol?• Term for soil formed by laterization-What type of pedogenic regime does grey soil reference?• Podzolization-Where can Podzolization regimes be found?• In humid, cold midlatitude climates and in coniferous boreal forests-What type of pedogenic regime does muddy soil reference?• Gleization-In which pedogenic regime is the level of precipitation less than level of evapotranspiration?• Calcification-What type of pedogenic regime leaves behind salts?• SalinizationChapter 2: Remote Sensing & GPS -What is remote sensing?• The science of obtaining information about an object without direct contact*Know the Remote Sensing Process Components-What is the intensity value?• The measured solar radiance reflected from the ground-What is a Colour Composite Image?• A digital image displayed on a monitor that is composed of three primary colour channels*Know how to read the Radar Wavelength Chart -What is a GIS?• A geographic information system that integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information-What are contours?• Lines on a surface connecting points of equal value -What do isobars show?• Equal barometric pressure-What do isochrons show?• Connected points of equal time-What does an Isohel show?• Equal points of temperature-What does an isohyet show• Equal rainfall-What does an isoseismal show?• Earthquake shock intensity-What does the Cross-Sectional Surface Profile show?• The change of surface elevation along a