Freezing Bull semen is a common practiceReproduction goals for domesticated farm animals should include longer birth intervals (time between pregnancies)AI is a brand new science.The external cremaster muscle regulates testicular temperatureIn birds, the female determines the sex of the offspring.An animal the exhibits "lordosis" is probably in heat (estrus)Body cells are formed by a process called mitosisEmbryo transplant is not yet possible in cattleAs testicular temperature increases, so does sperm production.Reproductive goals for domesticated farm animals should include higher conception rates.Semen is composed of sperm plus fluids form the accessory sex glands.Cryptorchids cause the rooster to retain his testicles in the body cavity.The estrus cycle is not a common characteristic in poultry.Most mammals have menstrual cycles.Cold ambient (outdoor) temperatures are less harmful to the production and survival of sperm than hot temperatures.Genetics has a greater influence than environmental factors on yield potential.There is no direct exchange of blood between the maternal and fetal system.Semen helps to neutralize the acidity of the female reproductive tract so sperm cells can live long enough to fertilize an egg cell.Castration does not render the animal sterile.A function of the scrotum is to maintain the testes' temperatureFat, overwieght breeding stock is desirableMost fetal growth takes place during the first trimester of the pregnancyFlushing is the practice whereby one increases the energy level in the diet several weeks before breedingTemperature above 85 degrees F will decrease conception rate and litter size in swineSperm, Ova, and embryonic tissue are primarily composed of proteinDuring early pregnancy, embryonic needs for energy are extremely highThe amount of daylight has no affect on the breeding season of maresMost sheep breeds come into heat during the cooler temperatures associated with fallTemperature and season have little effect on fertilityThe endocrine system is responsible for hormone productionFat females are more likely to experience dystocia because of greater fetal size and excessive internal fatA rooster does not possess a penis.A sow has a bicornuate uterus.A rooster has a large volume of ejaculation with high sperm concentrationThe primary reason for feeding colostrum is for its fat content.Energy requirements for females in all species of farm animals increase markedly at the beginning of lactationMultiple offspring usually occurs in animals with a bicornuate uterusAll sperm cells look alikeFSH causes ovulation to occurIn the mature hen, both ovaries and oviducts are developedBasically, chickens mate by rubbing their vents together.Milk production is a characteristic controlled by only one gene.When a cow is in "standing heat" it means he outdoor temperature has caused her to limit her movement.A mammal that has an estrus cycle is able to copulate but not willing to unless she is in heat.Most mammals have estrus cycles.The ovary produces FSHProstaglandin F2 Alpha is used for estrous synchronizationIf fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintainedMost animals have cotyledonous placenta during pregnancy.Cows have a cotyledonous placenta during pregnancy.Domesticated farm animals mate during optimum fertility periodsA mares conception rate is about equal to its foaling rateEmbryo implantation occurs usually when the embryo is in the two cell stage of mitosis.Progesterone is produced in the adrenal gland.The corpus luteum is the only progesterone producing mechanism during pregnancy.Estrogen maintains pregnancy.The corpus luteum forms on the cervixGenetic variation exists within breeds even if the animal is a "purebreed"Estrus synchronization can occur naturally.A cotyledonous placenta will always cause retained afterbirth following parturitionThe male reproductive system also produces FSHthe gestation period of the mare is approx. 335- 345 daysThe gestation period of a sow is approx. 114 daysThe gestation period of the ewe is approx. 150 daysAn injection of oxytocin will cause uterine contractions even if the animal is not pregnantGenetic variation is essential in order to improve a breedThe gestation period of the cow is approx. 283 daysArtificial insemination is seldom used in turkeysApprox half of the dairy cows in the U.S. are bread artificiallyTypically, most dairy cows are milked twice a day, 305 days a year.In most mammals, the sex of the offspring is determined at the moment of conceptionThe cause of free martinism is unknownA free martin calf is female born twin to a male and is usually sterileIn the animal kingdom, slightly more females are conceivedNormally, a dairy cow has 4 teats, but if she has 6 teats this will make her even more valuable.LH maintains the interstitial cells that produce testosteroneThere are fewer dairy cows today in the U.S. as compared to the number of cows in 1940Most animals raised for veal are formula fedMilk production per cow has approx doubled since 1940Fat free milk has only about two percent fat in it.Feed accounts for the greatest cost for producing milkThe purpose of pasteurization is to break down fat particles so they remain suspended in milkBeef is a major by- product of the dairy industry.Most cows remain in the herd for more than 20 yearsMilk prices are more stable than other agricultural commodities because the federal government influences its price structure.Two percent milk bought at your local store has about 3.5% butterfat.The egg is natures most nearly perfect foodRoughages (hay) are usually less expensive than concentrates (grain)Removing animals from the herd or flock is known as cullingMost of the worlds milk supply comes from dairy cowsPasteurization helps kill bacteria that causes TBWater gives milk its white colorDisease cannot pass directly from cows milk to humansThe major carbohydrate found in milk is lactoseIn general, as milk production increases, so does the milks fat content.Holstein cows produce the most milk.Milk stored in the refrigeration section of the supermarket is bacteria freeHolsteins can only be black and whiteSome breeds of dairy cows can actually produce chocolate milkResearch shows that raising calfs in outdoor hitches is healthier than indoor pensGrade A milk must be cooled to 30 degrees F after milkingDairy calves should be fed colstrum for the first 3 days of lifeCoffee cows produce coffee milkMost cows are milked by machineIt takes atleast 20 minutes