PSY 265 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7-12Lecture 7 (February 23)Judging PersonalityThe science of people-watching- The science of people watching focuses on how well we can “read” other people’s personalities.- People-watching is interesting scientifically which is what makes it relevant.- People-watching is also relevant because it is practical. That is, it allows us to analyze how we will interact or get along with others.How people-watching is done- In order to understand how people-watching is done, one must understand the ways in which people-watching can be accurate.- People-watching is based on good judges, good targets, and good traits.- Good judges: Focuses on those who are more accurate at “reading” others’ personalities. Just about everyone is good a people-watching. There are only a few individual differences.- Good targets: Some people are easy to read, while others are not. There are three (3) good targets1) Women’s personality2) Physical attractiveness3) Extraversion- Good traits: Traits that are overt are the easiest to read. Extraversion is the easiest trait to read. Agreeableness and conscientiousness are somewhat easy to read. Openness and neuroticism are the hardest traits to read.Lecture 8 (February 25)Reading Personality from the FaceFacial symmetry- Symmetrical faces are the most attractive.- Toxins along with stressors reduce one’s facial symmetry.- Agreeableness and extraversion (in men) are the easiest traits to read based on one’s facial symmetry.- A study done in 2006 tests the ability to judge the big 5 traits from one’s face: Men and women filled out scales of big 5 traits by having their pictures taken. The highest and lowest 10 percent got computer-generated averages of their faces. Other adults outside of the study judged the pictures and attributed a particular trait based on the person’s facial symmetry in the picture.Lecture 9 (March 2)Male Head Shape and Aggression- Facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) Tall and narrow vs. blocky.- Men with blocky, “high ratio” faces are more aggressive. Higher risk of dying in violent accidents. More aggressive in lab tasks (r = .38).Predicting Fighting Ability from Faces- 600 adults rated 146 mixed martial arts fighters’ faces for aggressiveness.- Facial aggressiveness correlated with percentage of fights won (r = .20).- Facial aggressiveness correlated with wider, blockier faces.Impressions of Sexual Orientation from Faces- Is it possible to accurately judge sexual orientation based on faces? Rule and Ambody did a study in 2008 and concluded that it is possible.- 70 college women viewed male faces one at a time on a screen. The men identified as gay or straight. The college women pressed a “gay” or “straight” judgment button for each male pictured.First Impressions of IQ- People are reasonably good at reading others’ intelligence. People watched standard videos (reading the weather). The videos watched were most accurate for extraversion (r = .45) and intelligence(r = .43).Overview of Neuroticism- Probably the most widely studied of all personality traits.- Neuroticism dates back to the 1940s: Hans Eysenck’s PEN model.The Structure of N- N is a broad and a general factor. Made up of narrow, specific subtraits.- Costa & McCrae Five Factor ModelDeYoung’s Aspects Model- Each factor has two (2) major aspectsLecture 10 (March 4)Understanding Neuroticism- Nettle states that Neuroticism is the responsiveness of negative emotion systems.Neuroticism in Everyday Life- 75,000 people between the ages of 18 and 75 completed a Big Five Scale and allowed access to their Facebook page.- Words were scraped from status updates and crunched Big Data style.Neuroticism and Mental Health- Profoundly important No real line between high N and mood disorders.- Three (3) ways to approach neuroticism and mental health:1) Continuous subclinical samples2) Compare clinical and non-clinical samples.3) Longitudinal studiesNeuroticism and Stress- Neurotic report having much more stressful lives.Neuroticism and Stress Generation- Social behaviors Interpersonal dependency Grouchy, whiny Rejection sensitivity- Cognitive Urgent impulsivity Pessimistic bias Poor copingNeuroticism and Coping with Stress- There are many ways to cope with stress. Poor ways generate more stress.Lecture 11 (March 16)Research-Based Stress Management- Structured programs are said to have benefits.- Guided imagery and meditation- Improved life structureThe Virtues of N- Nettle says there is “fluctuating selection”- Virtues of high N: Vigilance Motivation to prevent harm- Problems of high N: Anxiety DepressionLecture 12 (March 18)Overview of Extraversion- Dates to the 1940s: the PEN Model- Widely studied and is important to mental health behaviors.The Structure of E- E is a broad and general factor- Costa & McCrae’s Five Factor Model Each factor has six (6) facetsDeYoung’s Aspects Model- Each factor has two (2) sides:1) E: Enthusiasm2) E: