KIN 365 1st Edition Exam# 2 Study Guide Manual of Structural KinesiologyChapter 3I. Agonist musclesa. Primary moverII. Antagonista. Located opposite side of joint from agonistb. Opposite concentric actionc. Relaxes and allows agonist to workd. When contracting concentrically perform the opposite joint motion of agonistIII. Synergist (assister) musclesa. Assist in action of agonistb. Not prime mover for actionc. Known as guiding musclesd. Assist in refined movement and rule out undesired motionsIV. Stabilizersa. Surround joint or body partb. Contract to fixate or stabilize area to enable another limb or body segment to exert forceand movec. Essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movementsV. Skeletal Musclesa. Muscle contraction produces force that causes joint movement, joint actionsi. Responsible for the movement of body and all its jointsb. Muscle or joint actionsi. Use to cause control or prevent joint movementii. Initiate/accelerate movement of body segmentiii. Slow down/decelerate movement of body segmentiv. Prevent movementc. Isometrici. Prevent motionii. Stabilizersiii. Both agonist and antagonist working against one anotheriv. Active tension developed within muscle that doens not move jointd. Isotonici. Concentric1. Causing motion2. Developing of active tension as muscle belly shortensa. Causing motion 3. Movement against gravity or resistance4. Positive contractionii. Eccentric1. Controlling motion2. Involve muscle lengthening under active tension3. When muscle gradually lessens in tension of resistance with gravity or resistance4. Negative contractioniii. Dynamic – movingiv. Varying degrees of tension developed as joint angle changesv. Isokinetics1. Type of dynamic exercise using concentric and or eccentric movement2. Not it’s own type of movementII. Joint movementsa. Each type of joint movement has an initial and opposite movementi. Abduction/adduction1. Abductiona. Lateral movement away from midline in frontal plane2. Adductiona. Lateral movement toward midline in frontal planeii. Flexion/extension1. Flexiona. Decreasing angle of joint2. Extensiona. Increasing angle of jointiii. Inversion (supination)/eversion (pronation)1. Inversiona. Turning sole inwardb. Weight on outer foot2. Eversiona. Turning sole outwardsb. Weight on inner edge of footiv. Dorsal flexion/plantar flexion1. Dorsal flexiona. Foot movement toes up towards body in sagittal plane2. Plantar flexiona. Pointing toes down away from body in sagittal planev. Pronation/supination1. Pronationa. Internally rotating around radius2. Supinationa. Externally rotating around radiusvi. Horizontal flexion and extension1. Flexiona. Movement of humerous/femur in horizontal planeb. Towards midline2. Extensiona. Movement of humerous/femur I horizontal planeb. Away form midline of bodyvii. Internal/external rotation1. Internala. Rotary movement around axis of bone towards midline2. Externala. Rotary movement around axis of bone away from midlineviii. Rotation upward/downward1. Upwarda. Frontal plane in which movement is lateral and upward2. Downwarda. Movement of scapula and downwardix. Elevation/depression1. Superior movement of shoulder girdle in front plane2. Depressiona. Inferior movement of shoulder girdle in front planex. Retraction and protraction1. Retractiona. Backward movement of shoulder girdle in horizontal plane towards spine2. Protractiona. Forward movement of the shoulder girdle in horizontal plane away from spinexi. Circumduction1. Circular movement of limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone2. Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adductionb. Planes of motioni. Three main planes of motion1. Sagittala. Divides body in to right and lefb. Flexion/extensionc. Dorsal/plantar2. Frontala. Divide body into front and backb. Abduction/adductionc. Inversion/eversiond. Elevation/depression3. Transverse/horizontala. Divides body into top and bottomb. Internal/externalc. Horizontal flexion/extensiond. Horizontal adduction/abductione. Pronation/supinationf. Protraction/retractionIII. Origination & Insertiona. Origini. Structurally proximal attachment of a muscle or part that attaches closest to midline of bodyii. Least movable part of muscleiii. Attachment point of muscleb. Insertion i. Structurally distal attachment or part that attaches farthest from midline or center of bodyii. Most movable partIV. Anatomical directional terminologya. Anteriori. In front or front part1. Anteroinferior2. Anterosuperior3. Anteriolateral4. Anteromedial5. Anteroposteriorb. Posteriori. Behind, in back, or rear1. Posterioinferior2. Posteriosuperior3. Etc.c. Inferior (infra)i. Below1. Inferiolateral2. Inferiomediald. Superior (supra)i. Above1. Superolateral2. Superomediale. Laterali. Toward sideii. Farther from median or midsagittal planef. Mediali. Relating to middle or centerg. Mediani. Relating to middle or centerh. Contralaterali. Pertaining to the opposite sidei. Ipsilaterali. On same sidej. Bilaterali. Relating to right and lef sides of body structurek. Unilaterali. Relating to one sidel. Caudali. Belowm. Cephalici. Aboven. Deepi. Beneath surfaceii. Relative depth or location of tissueo. Superficiali. Near surfaceii. Relative depth or location of tissuep. Distali. Situated away from center of bodyii. Or away from point of originq. Proximali. Nearest trunkii. Near the point of originV. Bone markingsa. Exist to enhance their functional relationship w/joints, tendons, nerves, & blood vesselsb. Determinei. Muscle locationii. Muscle attachmentiii. Joint functionc. Two categoriesi. Process1. Include elevations and projections2. Functiona. Form jointsb. Serve as a point of attachment for muscle, tendon, ligament3. Types that form jointsa. Condyleb. Facetc. Head4. Types that elevate or projecta. Crestb. Epicondylec. Lined. Processe. Spinef. Sutureg. Trochanterh. Tuberclei. Tuberosityii. Cavities1. Depressions, openings, grooves2. Functiona. Contain tendon, vessel, nerve, space3. Depressionsa. Facetb. Foramenc. Fossad. Foveae. Meatusf. Sinusg. Sulcus (groove)d. Condylee. Facetf. Headg. Angleh. Cresti. Epicondylej. Processk. Spinel. Trochanterm. Tuberclesn. Tuberosityo. Facetp. Notchq. SinusChapter 4 - Shoulder GirdleVI. Bonesa. Scapulab. Sternumc. Clavicled. ManubriumVII. Musclesa. Trapezius Musclei. Does its own antagonist agonist workii. Upper, middle, lower