KIN 365 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Manual of Structural Kinesiology Chapter 3 I II III IV V Agonist muscles a Primary mover Antagonist a Located opposite side of joint from agonist b Opposite concentric action c Relaxes and allows agonist to work d When contracting concentrically perform the opposite joint motion of agonist Synergist assister muscles a Assist in action of agonist b Not prime mover for action c Known as guiding muscles d Assist in refined movement and rule out undesired motions Stabilizers a Surround joint or body part b Contract to fixate or stabilize area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move c Essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements Skeletal Muscles a Muscle contraction produces force that causes joint movement joint actions i Responsible for the movement of body and all its joints b Muscle or joint actions i Use to cause control or prevent joint movement ii Initiate accelerate movement of body segment iii Slow down decelerate movement of body segment iv Prevent movement c Isometric i Prevent motion ii Stabilizers iii Both agonist and antagonist working against one another iv Active tension developed within muscle that doens not move joint d Isotonic i Concentric 1 Causing motion 2 Developing of active tension as muscle belly shortens a Causing motion 3 Movement against gravity or resistance 4 Positive contraction ii Eccentric 1 Controlling motion 2 Involve muscle lengthening under active tension II 3 When muscle gradually lessens in tension of resistance with gravity or resistance 4 Negative contraction iii Dynamic moving iv Varying degrees of tension developed as joint angle changes v Isokinetics 1 Type of dynamic exercise using concentric and or eccentric movement 2 Not it s own type of movement Joint movements a Each type of joint movement has an initial and opposite movement i Abduction adduction 1 Abduction a Lateral movement away from midline in frontal plane 2 Adduction a Lateral movement toward midline in frontal plane ii Flexion extension 1 Flexion a Decreasing angle of joint 2 Extension a Increasing angle of joint iii Inversion supination eversion pronation 1 Inversion a Turning sole inward b Weight on outer foot 2 Eversion a Turning sole outwards b Weight on inner edge of foot iv Dorsal flexion plantar flexion 1 Dorsal flexion a Foot movement toes up towards body in sagittal plane 2 Plantar flexion a Pointing toes down away from body in sagittal plane v Pronation supination 1 Pronation a Internally rotating around radius 2 Supination a Externally rotating around radius vi Horizontal flexion and extension 1 Flexion a Movement of humerous femur in horizontal plane b Towards midline 2 Extension a Movement of humerous femur I horizontal plane b Away form midline of body vii Internal external rotation 1 Internal a Rotary movement around axis of bone towards midline 2 External III a Rotary movement around axis of bone away from midline viii Rotation upward downward 1 Upward a Frontal plane in which movement is lateral and upward 2 Downward a Movement of scapula and downward ix Elevation depression 1 Superior movement of shoulder girdle in front plane 2 Depression a Inferior movement of shoulder girdle in front plane x Retraction and protraction 1 Retraction a Backward movement of shoulder girdle in horizontal plane towards spine 2 Protraction a Forward movement of the shoulder girdle in horizontal plane away from spine xi Circumduction 1 Circular movement of limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone 2 Combination of flexion extension abduction adduction b Planes of motion i Three main planes of motion 1 Sagittal a Divides body in to right and lef b Flexion extension c Dorsal plantar 2 Frontal a Divide body into front and back b Abduction adduction c Inversion eversion d Elevation depression 3 Transverse horizontal a Divides body into top and bottom b Internal external c Horizontal flexion extension d Horizontal adduction abduction e Pronation supination f Protraction retraction Origination Insertion a Origin i Structurally proximal attachment of a muscle or part that attaches closest to midline of body ii Least movable part of muscle iii Attachment point of muscle b Insertion i Structurally distal attachment or part that attaches farthest from midline or center of body ii Most movable part IV Anatomical directional terminology a Anterior i In front or front part 1 Anteroinferior 2 Anterosuperior 3 Anteriolateral 4 Anteromedial 5 Anteroposterior b Posterior i Behind in back or rear 1 Posterioinferior 2 Posteriosuperior 3 Etc c Inferior infra i Below 1 Inferiolateral 2 Inferiomedial d Superior supra i Above 1 Superolateral 2 Superomedial e Lateral i Toward side ii Farther from median or midsagittal plane f Medial i Relating to middle or center g Median i Relating to middle or center h Contralateral i Pertaining to the opposite side i Ipsilateral i On same side j Bilateral i Relating to right and lef sides of body structure k Unilateral i Relating to one side l Caudal i Below m Cephalic i Above n Deep i Beneath surface ii Relative depth or location of tissue o Superficial i Near surface ii Relative depth or location of tissue p Distal i Situated away from center of body V ii Or away from point of origin q Proximal i Nearest trunk ii Near the point of origin Bone markings a Exist to enhance their functional relationship w joints tendons nerves blood vessels b Determine i Muscle location ii Muscle attachment iii Joint function c Two categories i Process 1 Include elevations and projections 2 Function a Form joints b Serve as a point of attachment for muscle tendon ligament 3 Types that form joints a Condyle b Facet c Head 4 Types that elevate or project a Crest b Epicondyle c Line d Process e Spine f Suture g Trochanter h Tubercle i Tuberosity ii Cavities 1 Depressions openings grooves 2 Function a Contain tendon vessel nerve space 3 Depressions a Facet b Foramen c Fossa d Fovea e Meatus f Sinus g Sulcus groove d Condyle e Facet f Head g Angle h Crest i Epicondyle j k l m n o p q Process Spine Trochanter Tubercles Tuberosity Facet Notch Sinus Chapter 4 Shoulder Girdle VI VII Bones a Scapula b Sternum c Clavicle d Manubrium Muscles a Trapezius Muscle i Does its own antagonist agonist work ii Upper middle lower fibers iii Fig 4 10 b Levator Scapulae c Rhomboid major and minor d Pectoralis Minor Chapter 5 Shoulder Joint I II III IV V Deltoid