FHCE 3300 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture I. NeighborhoodII. Community A. Place-basedIII. Neighborhood Satisfaction A. Personal FactorsB. Physical FactorsC. SafetyD. Neighborhood SegregationIV. What People Want in a NeighborhoodV. Why Do Neighborhoods Matter?Outline of Current Lecture I. Social-interactive MechanismsA. Social ContagionB. Collective SocializationC. Social NetworksD. Social Cohesion and ControlE. CompetitionF. Relative DeprivationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.G. Parental MediationII. Environmental MechanismsA. Exposure to ViolenceB. Physical SurroundingsC. Toxic ExposureIII. Geographical MechanismsA. Spatial MismatchB. Public ServicesIV. Institutional MechanismsA. StigmatizationB. Local Institutional ResourcesC. Local Market ActorsCurrent LectureI. Social-Interactive Mechanisms: Social processes endogenous to neighborhoodsA. Social Contagion: Behaviors, aspirations, and attitudes may be changed by contact with peers who are neighbors. Under certain conditions these changes can take on contagion dynamics that are akin to “epidemics”B. Collective Socialization: Individuals may be encouraged to conform to local social norms conveyed by neighborhood role models and other social pressures. Characterized by minimum threshold or critical mass being achieved before norm can produce noticeable consequences for others in neighborhoodC. Social Networks: Individuals may be influenced by interpersonal communication of info and resources of various kinds transmitted through neighbors. Can involve either“strong ties” and/or “weak ties”D. Social Cohesion and Control: Degree of neighborhood social disorder and its converse, “collective efficacy” may influence variety of behaviors and psychological reactions of residentsE. Competition: Under premise that certain local resources are limited and not pure public goods, groups within neighborhood will compete for these resources amongstthemselves. Because outcome is zero-sum game, residents’ access to these resources (and resulting opportunities) may be influenced by ultimate success of their group in “winning” this competitionF. Relative Deprivation: Suggests that residents who have achieved some socioeconomic success will be a source of disamenities for less-well off neighbors. Argued that latter will view successful with envy and/or will make them perceive their own relative inferiority as source of dissatisfaction G. Parental Mediation: Neighborhood may affect parents’ physical and mental health, stress, coping skills, sense of efficacy, behaviors, and material resources. May affect home environment in which children are raisedII. Environmental Mechanisms: Natural and human-made attributes of local space that mayaffect directly the mental and/or physical health of residents without affecting their behaviorsA. Exposure to Violence: If people sense their property or person is in danger, may suffer psychological and physical responses that may impair functioning or sensed well-being. Consequences likely to be even more pronounced if person has been victimizedB. Physical Surroundings: Decayed physical conditions of built environment (e.g., deteriorated structures and public infrastructure, litter, graffiti) may impart psychological effects on residents, such as sense of powerlessness. Noise may create stress and inhibit decision-making through process of “environmental overload”C. Toxic Exposure: People may be exposed to unhealthy levels of air-, soil-, and/or waterborne pollutants because of current and historical land uses and other ecological conditions in neighborhoodIII. Geographical Mechanisms: Aspects of spaces that may affect residents’ life courses yet don’t arise within neighborhood but rather purely because of neighborhood’s location relative to larger-scale political and economic forcesA. Spatial Mismatch: Certain neighborhoods may have little accessibility (in either spatial proximity or as mediated by transportation networks) to job opportunities appropriate to skills of their residents, thereby restricting employment opportunitiesB. Public Services: Some neighborhoods may be located within local political jurisdictions that offer inferior public services and facilities because of limited tax base resources, incompetence, corruption, or other operational challenges. In turn, may adversely affect personal development and educational opportunities of residentsIV. Institutional Mechanisms: Actions by those typically not residing in given neighborhood who control important institutional resources located there and/or points of interface between neighborhood residents and vital marketsA. Stigmatization: Neighborhoods may be stigmatized on basis of public stereotypes held by powerful institutional or private actors about its current residents. In othercases, may occur regardless of neighborhood’s current population because its history, environmental or topographical disamenities, style, scale and type of dwellings, or condition of commercial districts and public spaces. Such stigma may reduce opportunities and perceptions of residents of stigmatized areas in variety of ways, such as job opportunities and self-esteemB. Local Institutional Resources: Some neighborhoods may have access to few and/or high-quality private, non-profit, or public institutions and organizations, such as benevolent charities, day care facilities, schools and medical clinics. May affect personal development opportunities of residentsC. Local Market Actors: May be substantial spatial variations in prevalence of certain private market actors that may encourage or discourage certain behaviors by neighborhood residents, such as liquor stores, fresh food markets, fast food restaurants, and illegal drug