8. The duration of short-term memory was found by having participants read three letters, then a number and begin counting backwards by three’s. After a set time, they had to recall three lettersa. After three seconds of counting, participants performed at 80%PSY 322 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study GuideChapter FiveShort-term Memory and Working MemoryKey Terms:- Memory – process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present- Short-term memory – information stays for a brief period if we don’t repeat it over and over- Persistence of vision – retention of the perception of light- Working memory – limited capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning (an addition after the modal model)- Dynamic process – the ability of the working memory to perform multiple functions at once, such as understanding language while doing math problems- Phonological loop – phonological store of limited capacity to hold information for a few seconds and articulation rehearsal process that rehearses stored items to prevent decay- Visuo-spatial sketch pad – hold visual and spatial information- Central Executive – pulls information from the long term memory and coordinates it in theworking memory- Phonological similarity effect – confusion of letters or words that sound similar- Word length effect – occurs when memory for lists of words is better for short words or than for longs words- Articulatory suppression – occurs when a person is prevented from rehearsing items to be remembered; reduces memory because speaking interferes with rehearsal- Perseveration – repeatedly performing the same action or thought even if it is not achieving the desired goal; typical to those with frontal lobe damage- High-capacity group – able to hold a large number of items in the working-memory- Event-related potential – indicates how much space is used in the working memory while carrying out the task of change detection during a test- Delayed-response task – hold information in working-memory for a delay periodPractice Questions:1.How long will information stay in short-term memory without rehearsal?2.Differentiate between episodic, procedural, and semantic memory and provide an exampleof what information each would hold.3.In what ways is memory limited?4.Who developed the modal model of memory? Provide a description of the mode.5.What is the function of sensory memory?6.How do the trail of sparklers and the projector’s shutter demonstrate the persistence of vision?7.What was the goal of Sperling’s experiment?8.How was the duration of short-term memory found?9.What is the duration of short-term memory? Describe its capacity. 10. Compare retroactive and proactive interference.11. Provide examples of the types of information stored in the phonological loop and thevisuospatial sketchpad. 12. Demonstrate how visuospatial sketchpad works.13. How does the central executive act as an attentive controller.14. What was added to the central executive model?15. What is the purpose of the prefrontal cortex neurons?Answers:1. Varies between 10-15 seconds and 15-20 seconds2.These are all types of long-term memories. Episodic holds events, such as the occurrenceson one’s first day of school. Procedural holds memories of muscle movement, such as the act of riding a bike. Semantic holds memories of facts, such as one’s address.3.Memory has a limited capacity of space, time, and resources.4.The modal model of memory was developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968. They used the computer as a model for human cognition. The model is as follows: a. Input – sensory memory – short-term memory (rehearsal (a controlled process) and output) – long-term memory5.It registers all or most of the information that hits our visual receptors. However, thisinformation decays very quickly.6.Persistence of vision is demonstrated by the trail of light following a sparkler because the movement is created by the mind formed by the short-term memory of the sparkler’s light. Projector shutters display 24 still frame images per second giving the perception of movement.7.The goal of Sperling’s experiment was to measure the capacity and duration of sensory memory by flashing an array of letters quickly on a screen. Participants were asked to report as many as possible.o Whole report: participants asked to report as many as could be seen Average of 4.5 out of 12 letterso Partial report: participants heard tone that told them which row of letters to report Average of 3.3 out of 4 letters Participants could report any of the rowso Delayed partial report: presentation of tone delayed for a fraction for a fraction of a second after the letters were extinguishedo Performance decreases rapidly8. The duration of short-term memory was found by having participants read three letters, then a number and begin counting backwards by three’s. After a set time, they had to recall three lettersa. After three seconds of counting, participants performed at 80%b. After 18 seconds of counting, participants performed at 10%c. STM, when rehearsal is prevented, is about 15-20 seconds9.The duration of short-term memory is a second or less. STM capacity for digits is about 5-9 (plus orminus seven). Through change detection it was found that it is easy to note change in a scene until there are four or more objects on the screen, then performance declines. Due to chunking, it was found that small units can be combined into larger, more meaningful units like phrases, sentences, or stories. The greater the amount of information on an image, the fewer items can be held in visual short-term memory.10. Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with learning new information. Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with remembering old information.11. Phonological loop remembers numbers and names. Visuospatial sketchpad helps one solve a problem or find one’s way around a campus.12. Mental rotation can demonstrate the usefulness of the visuospatial sketchpad by solving a problem of size similarity of two objects by mentally rotating one to match the other.13. The central executive acts as an attentive controller through driving (which uses the visuospatial sketchpad) and talking