PSYC 310 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 11Lecture 8 (February 24)What are the major structural components of the Atkinson/Shiffrin model of memory, and whatare they proposed to do?Sensory (very short time-span – Max = maybe 2 seconds long), Short-Term (Stores for 30 seconds or so), Long-Term (Stores memories for longer amount of time, not entirely permanent)How do these structures interact with control processes like rehearsal, encoding, and retrieval?Rehearsal – Maintenance and ElaborativeWhat do the differing results from the whole report and partial report tasks from Sperling’s study on sensory memory suggest about sensory memory capacity and duration?A: Whole Report: They were asked to attend to whole grid of numbers and letters and report as much as they could (flashed quickly)Partial Report: High, medium and low tone would be a cue for the top, middle, or bottom row of letters or numbers. It would help them remember because of the cue letting them know what to be attuned to.Give examples of Auditory, Visual, and Semantic Coding (representation) of information in the Short Term Memory (STM).A: People were messing up words or letters that sounded like other words/letters. Supported that there was Auditory Coding going on.Visual Coding: Grid with squares, looks like crossword puzzle, in various patterns. They had to identify the pattern (which ones were shaded, etc.) Indicated that chunking was going on, blocks of squares.Semantic Coding: Listening to 3 words in particular category (ex. cars), then counting backwards, all in same category, another 3 words (ex: fruits) Helps organize the thoughtsand wordsWhat are the 3 main components of Baddeley’s original working memory (WM) model, and what are they proposed to be responsible for, giving an example for each.A: Phonological Loop: proposed to be responsible for auditory codingDeals with sound of information (Ex: the, the, the, the, the – try to remember different words while saying “the”.)Central Executive: Mediates what we are attending to from different pieces of informationWhat you are selectively attending to (McGurk Effect, Syllables Visual of mouth didn’t match the Auditory Sound)Visuospatial Sketch Pad: Coding for Visual Spatial InformationPrefrontal Cortex, Monkeys with intact prefrontal cortex were performing better than monkeys without intact prefrontal cortex (holding information in working memory – with delay) Think babies with peek-a-boo.Though working memory activity is distributed across the brain, what is the brain region most closely associated with working memory, and what can happen when it is damaged? Monkeys with intact prefrontal cortex were performing better than monkeys without intact prefrontal cortex (holding information in working memory – with delay) Think babies with peek-a-boo.Lecture 9 (February 26) What is the major difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesias?Anterograde: difficulty forming new memoriesRetrograde: difficulty retrieving already formed memories, someone forgets who they are, where they are, etc. Still able to form new memoriesWhat are the primacy and recency effects in the context of the serial position curve, and how are each proposed to be related to STM/WM and LTM?Primacy Effect: Presented a list of things, you will remember the first couple of items better than the rest. You have more time to rehearse the first words you hear. More associated with LTM.Recency Effect: Presented a list of things, you will remember the last couple of items better than the rest because of STM/WM. They were last presented so you have a betterchance of remembering them.What are the proposed types of long-term memories (go beyond implicit and explicit), and be able to give an example for each.a. Provide an example of a double dissociation for semantic and episodic memories,suggesting distinct memory types.Explicit: Conscious Memories  Episodic and SemanticImplicit: More Unconscious Memories  Priming/Conditioning (classical and operant) and Procedural MemoryEpisodic: A birthday party, A woman named K.C. had Ok semantic and poor episodicSemantic: Not as personal, An Italian woman had poor semantic and okay episodicWhat are repetition priming and procedural memory, and how do they support a separation ofexplicit and implicit memories in the context of individuals with Korsakoff’s syndrome (or other impaired-memory conditions)?Repetition Priming: Cue becomes more familiar the more times you are exposed, easier to recall the more you know itProcedural Memory: Motor Skills, writing, drawing, the more you do it, the more you know it.2 Studies – Showed Parts of Airplane to people with Korsakoff’s Syndrome and were ableto piece it all together because of priming. People couldn’t remember they were being primed, but the unconscious memory took over and allowed them to improve-Tracing a star through a mirror, couldn’t remember repeating the task at all, but improved greatly. (again due to unconscious memory)Lecture 10 (March 3)What do maintenance and elaborative rehearsal focus on in terms of the information being rehearsed, and how do they differ in effectiveness/function of STM and LTM transfer and storage?A: Maintenance Rehearsal: Repetition Based (Better at transferring to Working, STM)Elaborative Rehearsal: Meaning Based (Better at transferring to LTM)List and describe 5 factors that aid in encoding information for later recall (e.g. imagery or testing effect)Self-reference (link to self)If you create it, you remember it better: Feet – Smelly. Then you fill in blanks. Feet – Sm____TestingImagery (tree – boat)Recall by groupsMeaningful framework (balloon popping example)Complex SentencesGenerate InformationPresent in Organized Way Lecture 11 (March 17)It is proposed that memory recall is better when encoding and retrieval conditions/contexts are similar. How is this supported by research on context-dependent learning, state-dependent learning, and transfer-appropriate processing?Context-dependent learning: Being in same context/environment as when you learned, helped to trigger/recall information if they went back to that same context/environmentto take test, external environment. Land vs underwater.State-dependent learning: Mood/emotional state being the same as when you learned itfor when you take the test. Internal state. Learned happy, tested happy – better results.Transfer-Appropriate processing: Same task being performed. Rhyming