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UM BIOB 272 - Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL)
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BIOB 272 1st EditionLecture 23 Outline of Last Lecture Quantitative Genetics Day 2I. The Bell Curve Argument ContinuedII. How to Estimate Narrow-Sense Heritabilitya. Similarity Among Relativesb. Response to Selection (realized heritability)III. Case Study: Darwin’s FinchesIV. Effects of Selection in Wild Populationsa. Trophy Hunting Big Horn SheepV. Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysisa. QTL MappingOutline of Current Lecture Quantitative Genetics Day 3, Start of GenealogiesI. Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis Continueda. QTL Mappingb. Case Study: Field Mouse Coat Color (Peromyscus Polionotus)II. Molecular Evolution and the Study of Genetic Variation within Speciesa. How much variation is there in natural populations?i. Why does it matter?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. How do we detect genetic variation?III. DNA Fragment Polymorphismsa. Microsatellitesb. CODISCurrent LectureQuantitative Genetics Day 3, Start of GenealogiesI. Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) Analysis Continued: links traits with genesa. QTL Mapping:– If two traits differ (shown by separate lines), then a genetic cross is usedto mix up their genomes– Genetic markers (loci) are screened to identify regions (QTL) that influence the traitb. Case Study: Field Mouse Coat Color (Peromyscus Polionotus)– Study the traits of the differing coat colors of field miceo Lighter color coat= on coastal regions (along white beaches of Santa Rosa Island)o Darker color coat= inland– Found quantitative variation in an experimental cross= trait influenced by multiple genes– A genome-wide linkage map of P.polionotus comprising 27 linkage groups– QTL mapping:constructed a genetic map to find if there is a statistical association at certain points on their genome= association with phenotype– Findings: phenotypic association with genomic regions containing two known coat color genes (Mc1r and Agouti)- these two interact within a cell to create certain coat colorso Active receptor for Mc1r= dark pigment=dark coat coloro Repressed receptor for Mc1r= low signaling=low pigment=lighter hairo Brown allele= recessiveo Light allele= dominant– Hair color helps protect mice against predator attacks (camo)- the increase of light colored mice along white beaches might be due to the increase in dark colored mice that were killed by predators= decrease inthe amounts of offspring they had… but the surviving lighter-coated mice still having offspringII. Molecular Evolution and the Study of Genetic Variation within Speciesa. How much variation is there in natural populations?– Why does it matter?o Variation within and between populations is the raw material for adaptation and speciationo Patterns of genetic variation reveal past evolutionary processeso Genetic marker loci are useful for studying current ecology of populations (including humans and their diseases)b. How do we detect genetic variation?1. Phenotype (back to Mendel)2. Chromosomes (1930s) Polyploidy/ Rearrangements3. Protein electrophoresis (1960’s)4. DNA fragment electrophoresis (1980s) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Microsatellites & other DNA-based markers5. DNA sequencing (1990s – present)o 5b. (2005-present) Next-generation sequencing – ultra high throughout sequencing of genomesIII. DNA Fragment Polymorphisms: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - a method for making many copies of a specific segment of DNAa. Microsatellites:– Many alleles per locus, lots of loci – Can get DNA from a tiny sample – Used in forensics & many other applied applications because shows a sort of “fingerprint”- everyone’s is differentb. CODIS:– The standard human DNA forensic testing set used by the FBI comprises13 microsatellite loci, each of which is located on a separate chromosome. – Probability of any two individuals showing the same pattern at all 13 loci is <1 in


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UM BIOB 272 - Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL)

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