PSYX 100 1st Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture I Risk Factors in Language Development II Bilingualism III Theories of Language Acquisition IV Language and Culture V Problem Solving VI Cultural Cognitive Styles Outline of Current Lecture I Decision Making II Judging Probabilities III Motivation IV Hunger and Eating Current Lecture I II Decision Making a Theory of Bounded Rationality i Use of simple strategies ii Human decision making strategies are simplistic and often yield irrational results b Making choices i Additive strategies making lists weighing out options rating attributes 1 used for less complex problems ii Elimination by aspects eliminating options based on criteria not met 1 More complex decisions ex choosing a college c Risky Decisions making risky choices with uncertainty i Example gambling ii Expected values what we might actually gain iii People behave in ways inconsistent with expected values iv Subjective utility personal worth of an outcome Judging Probabilities a Most decisions we make have uncertain answers b We have to use subjective probabilities heuristics These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III c Availability heuristic basing the estimated probability of an event on instances that come to mind d Representativeness heuristics basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the prototype of that event e Conjunction Fallacy when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone f Alternative outcomes effect when people s beliefs about whether an outcome will occur changes depending on how alternative outcomes are distributed g Our evaluations of specific attributed are swayed by emotional fluctuations they are unstable h Even though we compare options amongst each other we experience each item separately i We tend to avoid regret about making bad decisions Motivation a Motives needs wants desires leading to goal directed behavior b Theories of motivation i Drive theories eclectic mix of theories focused on drives ii Incentive theories regulation by external stimuli iii Evolutionary theories maximizing reproductive success c Drive theories organisms seek to maintain homeostasis i Homeostasis state of physiological equilibrium or stability ii Drive internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities iii Motivation lies within the organism internal drive iv This theory is unable to explain all motivation v Problems with this theory 1 Can t explain all motivation 2 Thirst for knowledge 3 Learning on our own just because we can 4 Eating when you are not hungry d Incentive theories i Incentive external stimulus that motivated behavior 1 Reinforcement ii Emphasizes environmental factors e Evolutionary theories i Motives are a product of natural selection ii Behaviors that have survival value are passed on iii Motivation can be understood in terms of its adaptive function iv Affiliation dominance achievement and sex drives can be understood in terms of their adaptive function v Affiliation is a need for belongingness or to be with others f Maslow s Hierarchy of Need IV i Needs are hierarchical and we must start with basic biological needs in order to reach self actualization ii Another way of considering motivations g Types of motivation extrinsic intrinsic biological social Hunger and Eating a Biological factors involved in hunger i The brain 1 Lateral hypothalamus regulates hunger 2 Ventromedial hypothalamus satiety ii Blood sugar levels 1 Low glucose hunger 2 High glucose satiety iii Hormones 1 Insulin 2 Leptin b Brain regulation i Lateral hypothalamus aides in regulation of hunger ii Ventromedial nucleus aids in the recognition of satiety c Environmental factors involved in hunger i Palatability the more tasty food around us is ii Quantity the amount of food available to us iii Variety the variety of food around us buffets iv Presence of other have found we tend to eat about 44 more around others rather than when we are alone v All of these have been shown to influence hunger d Learned preferences and habits i We have some innate food preferences ii Most preferences are learned 1 We learn by observation 2 Repeated exposure leads to increased liking