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CORNELL NTRES 2201 - Environmental Justice
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NTRES 2201 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of previous lectureI. AnnouncementII. Boyce’s articleIII Environmental justiceA) “White male effect”B) GenderC) RaceOutline of current lectureI. Environmental justiceII. Social movementsA) Social movement theoryB) Applying social movement theoryC) Counter movementsCurrent lectureI. Environmental Justice*We generally put nasty things in places that are poor or have a disproportionately high number of people of color*Linkage between/opposition between the environmental movement and environmental justice*Within environmental justice: -Institutional racism: if you have nasty stuff that must go somewhere, it makes sense from an economic standpoint to put it somewhere where there will be little resistance (either because people are willing to accept it or lack the power to fight back)-It is hard to prove that certain people are being targetedII. Social movements*Essentially about increasing power*Can increase or decrease inequalityA) Social movement theory*A collective effort to change the social order*Can be to transform society or to resist change*Important points1) Must be a collective effort2) Changes in behavior, not just attitudes*How have social movements come around? Where did they start? Drivers?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1) Urbanization-More face-to-face interaction-Tends to make inequality higher2) Democratization of information-More access to information-More awareness about the bad aspects of society-Universities: not only a place for information, but also a gathering place-Design of the universities can even aid this3) Emergence of the working middle class-Recognizing commonalities4) Emergence of better communication technology-Face-to-face, internet, etc5) Democracy and rights (decline of totalitarianism)-Much easier for people to engage with each other-Easier to protest*The 5 above points=the emergence of the public sphere-Physical space or virtual space-A location designated to communicationB) Applying social movement theory*Analysis of movements 1) Approach2) Conservative vs transformative3) Targets (individual level or societal level)4) Scope (global or localized)*Issue-attention cycle (Downs)-Transformation of events into public issues-Solutions tend to exist on a societal level-Most solutions are symbolic rather than actually a solution-Occurs in stages (cycles)*Resource mobilization theory-According to the issue-attention cycle people, the emergence of a movement is a rational response to a phenomenon itself -Resource mobilization theory disagrees-They believe the issues are always there, but play a secondary role-Rather, the driver stems from opportunity (people who care about the issue are able to gather enough resources to get their issue into the public consciousness)*Framing and social movements-Negotiation is emphasized-The meaning of a phenomenon does not necessarily flow from the phenomenon itself-A frame is a tool for interpreting events-Ex: Ithaca just experienced the coldest February on record#Does this mean climate change is a hoax?#The answer doesn’t matter; what does matter is the communication about it-If someone ever says “Here’s just another example of _____”#They are throwing a frame around the phenomenon -Ex: drilling in the Marcellus shale#What’s it about?*Environmental risk*Oil prices*Energy independence*Jobs #We can weave stories about what it’s about#This is less a matter of which of the above is true, more a matter of which of these is going to win-Frames are always political; no neutral frame exists-Frames become a type of resource#Operates according to context (certain types of frames work better in certain types of contexts)#Does the frame misalign or align with the context?#What is the political opportunity structure#It matters WHO you are trying to convince when shaping a story#It matters what the media structure is (is it concentrated or diffuse?)*Today: is it more concentrated or more diffuse?*Note: most people tend to get their news from the internet*In mainstream media, it tends to be very concentrated (you get the same news from the same sources no matter which newspaper you pick up)*You can typically always find a story that supports your point of view#Successful frames (powerful)1) Injustice2) A powerful villain and an injustice against a victim3) Clarity (we have a low tolerance for complexity)C) Counter


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