BIOH 370 1st EditionLecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture Lymphatics and Immunity Day 5I. Structure of the Lymph NodeII. Spleena. Functionsb. Structurec. SplenomegalyIII. Mucosa Associated Lymphoid TissueIV. Functions of Participating in Adaptive Immune ResponsesV. Ways to Acquire Adaptive ImmunityVI. Immune System’s Role in Organ TransplantsVII. ImmunodeficiencysVIII. Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases- Multiple SclerosisIX. Hypersensitivities- Immediate Hypersensitivity- Reactionsa. Type I Hypersensitivityb. Type II HypersensitivityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.c. Type III Hypersensitivityd. Type IV (delayed-type) Hypersensitivitye. Anaphylactic ShockOutline of Current Lecture Respiratory SystemI. Respirationa. Structurallyb. FunctionallyII. Sinus Abnormalities III. Pharynx and LarnyxIV. Conducting Zone StructuresV. Respiratory Zone StructuresVI. Respiratory MembraneVII. Pleurae- PleurisyVIII. Mechanics of BreathingIX. Pressure Changes in Pulmonary VentilationX. Atelectasis Current LectureRespiratory SystemI. Respirationa. Structurally:- Upper Respiratory System- Lower Respiratory Systemb. Functionally- Conducting Zone- Filter, warm and moisten air and conduct it into lungs- Respiratory Zone- Tubes and tissues within lungs were gas exchange occursII. Sinus Abnormalities:a. Normal Nose/Sinus CT: b. Sinusitis and turbinate deformities= build-up of mucus and abnormal drainage of mucus III. Pharynx and Larynxa. Pharynx:- Passageway for food and air- Resonating chamber for speech sounds- Houses tonsilsb. Larynx:- Provides a patent airway- Routes air and food into proper channels- Voice production- Opening between them is the glottis- Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs- Vocal folds may act as a sphincter to prevent air passage- Example: Valsalva’s maneuvero Close mouth to prevent exhalationo Abdominal muscles contracto Intra-abdominal pressure rises o Helps to empty the rectum or stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting- If food is aspirated, then can lead to food in the lungs and then that can cause an infection in the lungs such as pneumoniaIV. Conducting Zone Structures:V. Respiratory Zone Structures:a. Cartilage rings give way to plates; cartilage is absent from bronchiolesb. Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal; cilia and goblet cells become sparsec. Relative amount of smooth muscle increasesVI. Respiratory Membrane:- A layer of type I and type II alveolar cells and associated alveolar macrophages that constitutes the alveolar wall- An epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar wall- A capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the epithelial basement membrane- The capillary endothelium VII. Pleurae: membrane that surrounds the lungs- provide lubrication and surface tension- Pleurisy: inflammation of the pleuraeo Can be caused by tuberculosis, trauma such as a car accident, and lung cancero Fluid build-up can occuro The pleurae membrane competes for space with the lungs= lungs cant expand as well= less gas exchangeVIII. Mechanics of Breathing:- Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation are governed, in part, by Boyle’s Lawo The volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure (V1P1=V2P2)IX. Pressure Changes in Pulmonary Ventilation:X. Atelectasis: results if Palveolar = Pintrapleural- lung collapse- Plugged bronchioles ® collapse of alveoli- Wound that admits air into pleural cavity (pneumothorax)- Hemothorax- blood enters the
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