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ECU CDFR 2001 - Development in Adolescence part1

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Physical Development in Adolescence Conceptions of Adolescence Biological Perspective - Puberty - Storm and stress- Freud-Genital stage Social Perspective - Margaret Mead- social environment responsible - Social and cultural influences Balanced Point of View- Biological, psychological and social influences- Tribal and village societies have brief adolescence periodPhases of Adolescence  Early 11 to 14- Rapid Pubertal changes  Middle 14 to 16- Puberty nearly complete Late 16 to 18- Achieves adult appearance and assumes adult rolesHormonal Changes in Puberty Growth Hormone and thyroxin- increase around 8 and 9 years old Androgens- Muscle growth, body and facial hair- More in Boys- Testosterone Estrogen- Breast, uterine - More in girls - Adrenal estrogen- Height spurt, underarm and pubic hairMotor Development and Physical Activity  Gross motor development improves with puberty- Girls: slow and gradual gains- Boys: Dramatic spurt in strength, speed and endurance - Gender gap in skills widen, so gender-segregated physical education begins- But levels of physical activity often declineSexual Maturation Primary sexual characteristics - Maturation of the reproductive organs - Girls: Menarche - Boys: Spermarche  Secondary Sexual Characteristics - Girls: Breast - Boys: Facial Hair voice change- Both: Underarm and pubic hairIndividual Differences in Timing of Puberty Heredity  Nutrition, exercise (Body fat in girls) Geographical location SES Ethic Group Secular trendBrain Development in Adolescence  White matter increases, gray matter decline - Pruning continues - Myelination speeds up - Improved cognition Neurons more sensitive to neurotransmitters Changes in brains emotional- social network outpace development of cognitive control network (Can’t regulate themselves)- Experience are more intense- Pleasure- and novelty- seeking; taking drugs increasesSleep Habits in Adolescence  Sleep needs are still the same as in middle childhood- 9 hours of sleep needed  But adolescence go to bed later- Biological changes - Social habit Sleep Deprivation - Achievement, mood problems - More high risk behaviorsPsychological and Emotional Reactions to Puberty Reactions to pubertal changes vary- Cultural plays a role Adolescent moodiness Parent-child conflict risesConsequences of Timing of Puberty Early-Maturing - Boyso Popular o Confident, independent o Positive body image (Hoe you feel about the way you look )- Girlso Unpopular o Withdrawn, low confidence, negative body image o More deviant behavior  Late-Maturing - Boys o Unpopular o Anxious, talkative, attention- seekingo Negative body image- Girlso Popularo Sociable, lively o Positive body


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ECU CDFR 2001 - Development in Adolescence part1

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