BIO 1201 1nd Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I.Why we eatII.Why we breatheIII.Anaerobic PathwaysOutline of Current Lecture IV.Cellular ReproductionV.DNAVI.The Cell CycleCurrent LectureI. Cellular Reproductiona. Involves the passing on of genetic instructions (DNA) from parent to offspringb. 2 types:i. Asexual: one parent cell divides to give two daughter cells, which are genetically identical to each other and the parent; uses cell cycleii. Sexual: requires two cells (gametes = sperm and eggs) that fuse together to produce one cell; sex is the combining of genetic material from two parentsII. DNAa. Made up of nucleotidesb. In eukaryotes, DNA is organized in the nucleus as chromosomes, which are long strands of double helical DNA wrapped around histone proteins—this packages the DNA to help organize and protect it.c. Cells from different organisms have a characteristic numbers of chromosomes (46 in humans)d. Karyotype: display of full range of chromosomes of a celle. Ploidy: number of complete sets of somatic (not sex; X and Y) cells in a nucleusi. Also called “n” numberii. N = number of chromosomes/number of different sized chromosomesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.iii. Humans: N = 2; diploidiv. Aneuploidy: when N is not a whole numberIII. Cellular reproduction depends on getting DNA into the next generationa. This depends on accurately copying the DNA so that each daughter cell can inherit a complete set of instructionsb. DNA replication is considered to be semiconservative because both parental strands of DNA are used a templates for newly synthesized DNA strandsi. Each daughter molecule of DNA is made of one old and one new strand ofDNAc. Occasionally random errors called mutations occur in which incorrect nucleotidesare paired togetherd. Polymerase is a protein that replicates DNAIV. The Cell Cyclea. The series of steps as one cell (parent) divides to become two daughter cellsb. Two major components:i. Interphase (I)ii. Mitosis/Cytokenesis (M)c. Interphasei. Where cell spends majority of its lifeii. Made up of three distinct phases that occur in a specific order1. Gap 1 (G1)2. S (DNA synthesis/replication)3. Gap 2 (G2)iii. During these phases a cell decides if it should divide and prepares to
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