HESC 1403 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide CHAPTERS: 7 - 11CHAPTER 7: Information Processing:Approach= analyzes the ways people process information about their world. 1. encoding: mechanism by which info enters memory2. automaticity: ability to process information with little or no effort3. strategy construction: disocfivering new procedure for processing information. 4. Metacognition: cognition about cognition = “knowing about knowing”-Why does speed matter in processing? for many everyday tasks, speed is unimportant. But, for processing linked to accumulated knowledge and abilities to perform. --ATTENTION = focusing of mental resources 4 types of attention: selective attention, divided attention, sustained attention, executiveattention. -attention changes throughout life span. -greater attention as increase with age from infancy to childhood. But then declines again in adolescence (only processing of irrelevant info). --MEMORY = retention of information over time. -schema theory: mold to fit information already existing in mind. -schema: metal frameworks that organize concepts and information. -working memory vs. long-term memory 1. Working memory = make decisions, solve problems. 2. Long term memory = relatively permanent, unlimited type of memory. --children’s long term memory-fuzzy trace memory = precise details (verbatim memory trace) & central idea of information (gist)-knowledge = what people notice and how they organize, represent, interpret information. --adult’s long term memory -episodic memory: retention of info about the WHERE and WHEN events. -implicit memory: routine skills and procedures performed automatically. --THINKING = manipulating, transofmring information in mamory -critical thinking-scientific thinking-solving problems-expertise (adulthood) -decision making (adulthood) -“use it or lose it” is a older adulthood form of thinking. It means practice helps cognitive skills. -metamemory: knowledge about memory. -theory of mind: curiosity or thoughts about how mental processes work. CHAPTER 8:Intelligence: What is intelligence? –similar to thinking and memory skills. Ability to solve problems, adapt to and learn from everyday experiences. INTELLIGENCE TESTS:Binet Test- a. Mental ageb. Chronological agec. Intelligence quotient d. Normal distribution Wechsler Scales-ranges form preschool and primary children, to children, to adults. Theory of Mulitple Intelligences-controversy over breaking intelligence down into multiple abilities. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE-Crystallized intelligence vs. Fluid intelligence-Cognitive mechanics vs. Cognitive pragmatics-Wisdom-Creativity and Giftedness --the many changes of intelligence into adulthood-80% of most important creative contributions completed by age 50. CHAPTER 9:Language Development: What is language? – form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, based on system of symbols. LANGUAGE RULE SYSTEMS1. phonology2. morphology3. syntax4. semantics5. pragmaticsHow does language develop? –infants recognizing language sounds, first words, complex sentences, vocab development. -fast mapping: in early childhood; benefit from hearing mature speakers, give novel labels to novel objects. BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIORNMENTAL INFLUENCES:-Broca’s area-Wernicke’s area-Aphasia -Language acquisition device (LAD)CHAPTER 10:Emotional Development:What are emotions? – feeling or affect in a state or interaction characterized by..-behavior that reflects pleasure or displeasure-conscious feeling-physiological arousal EXPLORING EMOTION:-regulation of emotion-emotional competence skills-stranger anxiety and separation protest-emotions to express social relationships-emotional regulation and coping-coping and stress-emotional changes throughout childhood into adolescence and later adulthood. --Attachment and LoveThoughts from Freud, Erikson, Bowlby -mothers and fathers as caregivers-child care-variations in child care-parental love-5 types of parental leave from work-adulthood and romantic love-Sternberg’s triangular theory of love-dating and romantic relationships-sense of security and comfort-falling out of loveCHAPTER 11:The Self, Identity, and Personality:What is self understanding?-self: all characteristics of a person-identity: who a person is-personality: individuals’ enduring personal characteristicsTHE SELF:-perspective talking = the ability to assume another’s perspective and understand his or her thoughts and feelings. --self-understanding in adolescence:-abstract and idealistic -self-conscious-contradiction within the self-fluctuating self-real and ideal selves-self-integration -self awareness, possible selves, life review = all self-understanding in adulthood.-self-esteem vs. self-concept-strategies for increasing self-esteem-narcissism -self-regulation (changes throughout life span) IDENTITY:What is identity? –a self-portrait composted of many pieces. -identity vs. identity confusion-psychosocial moratorium -individuality -connectedness PERSONALITY:-life events approach -generativity-Erikson’s generativity vs. stagnation-stability and change-cumulative personality model = with time and age people become more adapt at interacting with environment in ways that promote