CDS 455 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide 1. Social Learning Theory (Pioneered by Albert Bandura)-Vicarious learning: Learning by observing others.-Enactive learning: Learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions, which provide information.-Self-efficacy: One’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations. One’s sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges.2. Information Processing Model- They use a computer model to describe how people take in information and organize it.- Memory though executive controls of:-Encoding: Taking in information, store it and organize it-Retrieval: Your ability to retrieve it when you need it-Limited Capacity- Cognitive psychology compares the human mind to a computer, suggesting that we too are information processors and that it is possible and desirable to study the internal mental/meditational processes that lie between the stimuli (in our environment) and the response we make.- - Working Memory is part of short-term memory. It’s an area of high-speed memory used to store programs or date currently in use. It is a system for temporarily storing and managing the information required to carry out complexcognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension. Long term memory would be called the preconscious and unconscious. This information is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called into WORKING MEMORY to be used when needed.3. Constructivism (Pioneered by Jean Piaget)-Biological maturation: The unfolding of the biological changes we experience.-Activity: With physical maturation comes the increasing ability to act on the environment and learn from it.-Social Transmission: Interaction with people around us influences our cognitive development by learning from others.-Schema: Building blocks of knowledgeAssimilation: Using an existing schema to deal with a new object or situationAccommodation: This happens when the existing schema (knowledge) does not work and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.-Piaget believed that cognitive learning occurred during disequilibrium.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Equilibration: The driving force which moves development along4. Sociocultural theory (Pioneered by Leo Vygotsky)-Cultural Tools: Play an important role in cognitive development by mediating reasoning and problem solving-Zone of Proximal Development: A child’s level of independent performance and assistedperformance.-Scaffolding: A temporary framework that is put up for support and access to meaning and taken away as needed when the child secures control of success with a task.-These concepts can be used to develop and address SLT goals by 50 1-word utterances, child recognizes 3 letters, sounds out simple words.5. Ecological/Systems theory (Pioneered by Brofenbrenner)1. Microsystem (the child): Neuro-cognitive-linguistic systems, influenced by genetics and external activation of neural networks.-Macrostructures-Sensory Motor-Social-emotional system 2. Mesosystem: Family beliefs, routines, and rituals -Health care, early diagnosis and treatment quality of childcare, school, peer influences. 3. Exosystem: Attitudes and ideologies of the culture -Extended family, Mass media, Friends of the family 4. Macrosystem: Attitudes and ideologies of the culture -Federal laws and policies, cultural tools 5. Chronosystem: Time period-You use Systems Theory to describe how a child learns to control his/her behavior, you ended up in college, how a person becomes an Olympian etc.[Middle Childhood]Physical Development--Female: Coordination and agility are stronger-Male: More upper body strength, tend to be more actice-Positive self perception increases, working together, physical activity, and self esteem-It’s different from recess because physical education is a constructive time where children participate in activities that increase their physical ability and development-Self Regulation, character building, leadership skills, teamwork, and the value of hard work-Under represented populations are low SES communities, children from ethnic minorities, children with disabilities, and children who are overweight or obese.-“Authoritative coaching” is a coach that has high expectations for your teen by setting goals to win for yourself but has high warmth in teaching and guiding you to become better.-Car accidents causes the most deadly injuries during middle childhood.-Second-Impact Syndrome occurs when the brain swells rapidly and catastrophically after a person suffers a second concussion before symptoms from an earlier one have subsided.-Symptoms of concussion are not remembering when you loss consciousness, cannot maintain continual thought, can’t carry out sequential tasks, dazed or foggy sensation, vision difficulties, emotional liability, fatigue.[Cognitive Development]-We still use fast mapping because it never leaves us. It gives us a sense of the word untilwe use it in a correct example. As we get older our working memory, metacognition, allows use to learn words easier. -Vocabulary grows because speech is not a conscious effort. There is a solid understanding of grammar. -Children understand that talking to adults need to be more formal compared to peers. -Contextual language is switching up how you talk to an adult compared to a peer.-Metalinguistic skills is the ability to learn new language skills through the use of existing language skills.-Operations are actions carried out and reversed mentally-Conservation is the understanding that quantities such as number, weight, volume, or area stay at the same even when their appearances change. -Classifcation is the categorization sorting in multiple ways. How one class can fit into another.[Information Processing Theory]- Attention is the gatekeeper because it is selective at what we do and do not pay attention to. It guides in what information is needed (stays focused on that information more) and it removes (stays less focused on) information we do not need. As the initial processing occurs with our sensory memory our attention focuses on what our brain needs to take notice off to process. Is it then stored within our working memory where is it held temporarily. -Explicit