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UVM ANTH 024 - Agriculture in Europe, Asia, and the Americas
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ANTH 024 1st Edition Lecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture I. Origin of Agriculture in Near East Outline of Current Lecture II. Origin of Agriculture in Near East III. Spread of Agriculture into Europe IV. Origin of Agriculture in China V. Origin of Agriculture in New Guinea and AmericasCurrent LectureI. Agriculture in the Near East a. Dhra – earliest evidence of a granary b. Drought in Middle East during Younger Dryasi. Food becomes harder to find ii. People stop following food sources iii. Settle near water and grow food c. Pre-Pottery Neolithic B – 8500 – 6000 BCE i. Fully fledged agricultureii. Sheep and goats iii. Sickles – technology adapted to agricultureiv. Denser, more socially unequal communities v. Storage pits 1. Lead to equality 2. People can accumulate more wealth than othersvi. More centralized sacred sitesvii. Skulls from corpses1. Faces made from plaster 2. Cult of ancestors to try to claim property viii. Buildings become squarer1. Evidence of planning d. Ein Ghazal i. Hundreds of plaster figurines ii. Houses coated in plasteriii. Plaster is made from firing lime iv. Needed to burn acres of trees These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.v. Had to leave because of overexploitation? vi. People have time to perform specialized tasks 1. Social complexity e. Gobekli Tepe i. 20 circular subterranean temples ii. World’s oldest temple iii. Pillars engraved with wild and domesticated animals iv. Separate from settlement v. Religion and ritual placed in control of specialized peoplef. Spread of Agriculture into Europe i. Spread between 9,000-6,000 ya ii. Two Theories 1. Demic Diffusion a. What spread was not technology, but farmers b. Higher birth rates in agricultural societies led them to have to expand outwards to find new land to find new resources and form new groups c. Agriculturalists had the economic advantage, drove hunter-gatherers into marginal areas 2. Adoption a. Hunter gatherers adopted agriculture b. Looking at more contemporary examples, farming and hunter gatherers are too radically different i. Farmers are sedentary, have to labor morec. Hunter gatherer’s rarely become agriculturalists iii. Language families were created during the Neolithic when farmersexpanded through different areas iv. Hunter gatherers probably didn’t adopt agriculture v. Agriculture expands and spreads language vi. Linear BandKeramik Culture – 7500-6500 BP1. Eastern and northern Europe 2. Shows up quickly3. Relatively uniform 4. Associated with long housesII. Agriculture in East Asia a. Staple crops in northern China: foxtail millet, broomcorn millet b. Southern China: domesticated 2 separate species of rice – uplands and lowlands – different domestication events c. Other crops: silkworms, taro, soybeans, yams d. Separate evolution i. Not farmers from the Middle East who spread e. Potttery comes first in Asia – 16 kya i. Around same time as Middle Eastf. 1,000 years later, separate domestication event where millet is domesticated in northern China g. Around the time the Younger Dryas was occurring h. Social organization changes i. Pottery cultures 1. Peiligang – 8000-7000 years BP , millet 2. Kuanquiao – 8000-7000 years BPa. Pigs, rice, paddies3. Pentoushan – 9000-8200 BP a. Rice producing ii. Increasing evidence of status & ritual i. Same process as Middle East, different products j. Parallel/similar climactic factors, but separate events k. Rice and millet may have been domesticated separately l. Pottery appears to evolve first III. Agriculture in New Guineaa. Agriculture never led to big population expansion b. Domesticated banana and taro 7000 BCE c. Society doesn’t change drastically i. No creation of social hierarchy IV. Agriculture in the Americas a. Thousands of years after Asia/Middle East b. 60% of world’s food originally domesticated in the New World – tomatoes, potatoes, chocolate, vanilla c. Mesoamerica: Maize domesticated 5000 BCE i. Chocolate domesticated 600 BCEii. Beans 3000 BCEiii. Turkey 800 BCEd. Guila Maquitz Cave i. Evidence for domestication of squash ii. First occupation of hunter gatherers using natural resources iii. Gradual domestication of squash iv. 10,000-8000 BP – squash seeds get bigger v. 8000-6000 yeas ago, rind gets thicker vi. 6250 BP – domesticated


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