PSY 211 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Current Lecture I. MemoryII. Memory ProcessIII. Working MemoryIV. History of Working MemoryCurrent LectureMemoryMemory is the ability to consciously remember or relive the past (mental time travel). Memory is also the retention of information over time. Also, memory influences current performances with past events and it’s usually unconsciously. Memory Process1. Encoding/Acquisition- putting info into memory- Attention/Working Memory; Encoding Strategies; Mnemonics2. Storage- maintaining information over time- Consolidation; loss/decay; memory systems3. Retrieval- accessing and using stored information- Cues; awareness (implicit/explicit); reconstructionFunctions of Memory- Allows one to benefit from experience- Provides a sense of self; a sense of continuity with one’s past.- Provides a basis for plans about the future. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Working MemoryWorking memory is the ability to temporarily store and manipulate information in the service ofcomplex tasks, and the ability to maintain information in an active, accessible state despite distraction or interference. Working memory and short-term memory are not the same. How short-term and working memory are measure:- Digit (or letter) Span- a measure of STM- Backward Digit Span- a measure of STM that adds a manipulation component. (Working memory)- Operation span- a measure of STM that adds a manipulation and distraction component.(Working memory)There are many variants of the above measures. WM, for example, is often measured with Reading Span & Computation Span which require you to remember the last words (or #'s) in a series of sentences (or equations).Why Working Memory is Important:Unlike Standard STM tasks, WM tasks strongly correlate with (predict) a number of real-world abilities and lab measures of cognitive control.- Complex Learning- Reasoning - SAT and GRE scores- Note taking ability- Vocabulary learning- Following direction- Reading Comprehension- Bridge Playing- Dichotic listening- Selective attention- Pilot performance- Stroop InterferenceThe History of Working MemoryWilliam James (1842-1910)- Primary Memory - The small number of things (ideas, images, etc.) that we are briefly conscious of at any one time; info in the focus of attention.- • Secondary Memory – Permanently stored info that we are not conscious of, but could be if it became relevant.- This very intuitive distinction was re-discovered in the early days of Cognitive Psychologyin the form of theory so popular it was called the "modal model".Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) Modal Model- Each kind of memory was thought to have different characteristics,- Information was thought to be processed serially, from SR’s to STM to