ANTH 1023 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Chapters: 5,6,8,9,10,12(Chapters covered across multiple lectures)Chapter 5 Define and explain the terms: Subsistence strategy, Population density, Foraging (hunting and gathering), The Inuit of the Arctic Circle (example), Pastoralism, Transhumant pastoralism, Nomadic pastoralism, The Maasai of East Africa (example), Horticulture, Swidden (slash-and-burn) cultivation, Agriculture, Peasants, Industrialism, Globalization.- Subsistence strategy: The way a society transforms environmental resources into food - Population density: the number of people inhabiting a given area of land; the amount of food and the subsistence strategy are dependent on how many people need to be fed- Foraging (hunting and gathering): A food-getting strategy that does not involve food production or domestication of animals and that involves no conscious effort to alter theenvironment. - The Inuit of the Arctic Circle (example): A foraging society with a diet that includes very little plants. They are mainly hunters because their environment (long cold winters, shortcool summers) allows for mainly meats. They are also involved in the global economy by exchanging fur for snow mobiles, clothing, tools, etc. - Pastoralism: A food-getting strategy that depends of the care of domesticated herd animals.- Transhumant pastoralism: A form of pastoralism in which herd animals are moved regularly throughout the year to different areas as pasture becomes available- Nomadic pastoralism: A form of pastoralism in which the whole social group (men, woman, and children) and their animals move in search of pasture.- The Maasai of East Africa (example): A pastoral society in the grasslands of southern Kenya. They use the domestication of cattle to retain milk and blood (cattle is sacred, rarely slaughtered). Men train boys to care for cattle; cell phones are used to communicate where water is. - Horticulture: Production of plants using a simple, nonmechanized technology; fielsa are not used continuously - Swidden (slash-and-burn) cultivation: A form of cultivation in which a field is cleared by felling the trees and burning the brush. Very typical of horticulture- Agriculture: A form of food production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control- Peasants: Rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, complex state societies; make enough food for themselves then sell the rest to the bigger society- Industrialism: A system of production dependent on investments in machinery, technology, communication, and information. Industrial agriculture is patterned after manufacturing. - Globalization: The integration of resources, labor, and capital into a global network. Chapter 6Define and explain the terms: Economics, Economic system, Reciprocity, Generalized reciprocity, Balanced reciprocity, Social distance, Kula ring, Gift giving (example), Leveling mechanism, Negative reciprocity, Redistribution, Tribute, Potlatch, Market exchange, Capitalism.- Economics: The study of the ways in which the choices of people make combine to determine how their society uses its scarce resources to produce and distribute goods and services.- Economic system: The norms governing production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within a society. - Reciprocity: A mutual give-and-take among people of equal status. - Generalized reciprocity: Giving and receiving goods with no immediate or specific return expected. - Balanced reciprocity: The giving and receiving of goods of nearly equal value with a clear obligation of a return gift within a specified time limit. - Social distance: the degree to which cultural norms specify two individuals or groups should be helpful to, intimate with, or emotionally attached to one another.- Kula ring: A pattern of exchange among trading partners in the South Pacific Islands.- Leveling mechanism: A practice, value, or form of social organization that evens out wealth within a society. - Negative reciprocity: Exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage and thedesire to get something for nothing. - Redistribution: Exchange in which goods are collected then distributed to members of a group. - Tribute: the rendering of goods (typically including food) to an authority such as a chief.- Potlatch: A form of redistribution involving competitive feasting practiced among Northwest Coast Native Americans - Market exchange: An economic system in which goods and services are bought and sold at a money price determined primarily by the forces of supply and demand.- Capitalism: An economic system in which people work for wages, land and capital goods are privately owned, and capital is invested for profit. (capital: productive resources that are used with the primary goal of increasing their owner’s financial wealth)Chapter 8Define and explain the terms: Marriage, Serial monogamy, Arranged marriage, Incest taboos (Biological, psychological, and sociological explanations for incest taboos), Exogamy, Endogamy,Monogamy, Polygamy, Polygyny, Polyandry, Sororal polygyny, Fraternal, polyandry, Bride service, Bridewealth, Dowry, Blended family.- Marriage: The customs, rules, and obligations that establish a socially endorsed relationship between adults and children, and between the kin groups of the married partners. - Serial monogamy - Arranged marriage: The process by which senior family members exercise a great degreeof control over the choice of their children’s spouses. - Incest taboos (Biological, psychological, and sociological explanations for incest taboos): Incest taboos are the prohibitions on sexual relations between relatives. o Biological: we have an aversion to those with whom we are raised; familiarity=disinterest.o Psychological: sexual competition among parents would cause disruption among family. o Sociological: it’s a cultural norm that it is not acceptable to have relations with a member of your family; if couple were to reproduce, baby could suffer from a mix of similar genes causing mental retardation and other deformities and disorders. - Exogamy: A rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group. - Endogamy: A rule prescribing that a person must marry within a particular group.- Monogamy: A rule that permits a person to be married to only one spouse at a time - Polygamy: A rule allowing more than