PSYCH 202 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide chapters 1, 2, 9-15Chapter 1 Introduction to psychology.Describe the differences between a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist. Describe the differentterms of psychology. Psychiatrist/Psychologist:- Psychiatrists are medical doctors (MDs) and can prescribe medication.- Clinical psychologists have PhDs and go to graduate school in psychology.Types of psychological terms:- A case study is an indepth observation of one person or a small group- t heory: proposed set of principles to organize and explain a phenomenon- hypothesis: proposed, testable relationship between two or more variables. - categorical variables: values are different members of a category- continuous variables : values vary in magnitude along some dimension - Outcome variable: variable hypothesized to show a difference when value of predictor is changed - Predictor variable: variable that is hypothesized to be associated with change in outcome- manipulated variables: predictor variables that the researcher controls and changes.- True experiment: Experimenter manipulates (controls and changes the value of) the independent variable; everything else is held constant or is randomized.- independent variable- variable the experimenter manipulates while holding other variables constant and using random assignment - dependent variable – variable whose value is hypothesized to vary according to value of independent variable Chapter 2 Types of Studies and Data collection.What are the different types of studies in psychology? What are some ways of collecting data?Usual cause of acquired valvular dysfunction is inflammation of the endocardium secondary to acute rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis. Acquired forms cause inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic, degenerative, or infectious alterations of valvular structure and function.Why do you think the valves on the left side of the heart (mitral and aortic semilunar valves) aremore commonly affected by valvular stenosis than the valves on the right side of the heart?More problems occur in the valves of the left side of the heart are moreChapter 9Developmental Psychology.What did Piaget theorize about cognitive development? What are the differences in critical and sensitive periods of language?Piaget:According to Piaget, children are born with a very basic mental structure on which all learning and knowledge is based. His stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.Chapter 10Motivation.What are some mechanical cues about eating? What is Maslow’s theory of motivation?Mechanical cues to eat:- stomach walls contract (but not very important)- glucose and lipid sensors in blood- social cuesMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs:5. Self-actualization4. Esteem3. Affiliation 2. Safety & security1. Basic, physiologicalChapter 11Psychology and health.What are the different types of stress responses? What are the two types of eating disorders and what causes them? Types of Stress responses:- Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome: Stage 1: alarm reaction…..Fight or flight- Taylor’s “tend and befriend” alarm reaction: under stress, affiliate with and care for othersEating Disorders:Bulimia:- mostly women (90%)- seems to be related to anxiety, depression, impulse controlAnorexia:- mostly women- prevalent in adolescence, young adulthood- seems to be related to obsessive compulsion disorder and perfectionism- more of a genetic componentChapter 12:Social Psychology.Why do people study social psychology? What are some common social psychological factors?Social Psychology:- Study of everyday behaviors- Applicable to real lifeAttributions:- Explanations of behaviors, motives, traits, and preferences.Stereotype threat:- People are or feel themselves to be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group.Contact hypothesis: - Prejudice will be reduced if different groups have a chance to interact with each other.Persuasion can be done through:- Central route: paying attention to the information- Peripheral route: not paying much attention, leads to impulsivity.Conformity happens because:- Normative influence: following crowd so you do not look stupid/foolish- Informational Influence: following the crowd to be correct.Mere exposure effect: - The more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like itSocial Dilemma: - Conflict in which most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, be harmful for everyone. Prisoner’s dilemma- Best strategy if just playing once: defect - Best strategy over multiple times: do what your partner did last round)Chapter 13:Personality.What are the five main characteristics of personality? Does personality apply cross-culturally?Five Factor Theory: OCEAN- Openness to new experiences- Conscientiousness- Extraversion- Agreeableness- Neuroticism- Spell out the acronym OCEANBig 5 better at DESCRIBING and PREDICTING than EXPLAINING personality differences.Studies have found that personality traits apply cross-culturally.Chapter 14:Psychopathology.What is the difference between normal psychology and psychopathology? How do we characterize them? What are some common types of psychopathologies? Psychopathology- The study of psychological disorders and abnormal/sick humans.When does abnormal behavior become psychopathology?- Doing physical harm to self or others- Can’t hold down job (or attend school) or carry out regular responsibilities- Inability to enjoy life, or others’ company- Deviation from statistical norms or cultural norms DSM- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders (DSM)- Currently on the 5th version- Classifies mental disorders into categories.- Lists symptoms associated with the disorders.- Does not treat the disorders. PTSD- Intrusive symptoms: o Flashbackso nightmares- Avoidance & numbing symptoms:o detachment from experience, from other peopleo loss of memory for parts of traumatic memory- Arousal symptoms:o exaggerated startle reactiono difficulty sleeping or concentrating, because of hypervigilanceAnxiety- Different Types of Anxiety include OCD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (constant anxiety without event or object), Phobias, and more.Depression- Unipolar Depression- Periods of negative moods and lack of interest in usually pleasurable things.Bipolar- 4% lifetime risk- Strong apparent genetic link - Roughly equal in men and women- Depressed “pole” looks like major