ANTH 024 1nd Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. Hunter-GatherersII. Origins of AgricultureOutline of Current Lecture II. Agriculture in the Near East Current LectureI. Terms—a. Domestication: Situation in which human activity alters the reproduction of plants and animals such that a symbiotic relationship developsi. Plants and animals leave natural habitatsii. Humans have a growing dependency on animalsb. Agriculture: Specific economic system of crop production incorporating at least some domesticated species and requires systematic tillagei. Can be intensified through manuring, terracing, plow usec. Sedentism: The process of “settling down”i. Some foragers are sedentary ii. Many groups that use domesticated animals are not sedentary iii. Most groups that use domesticated plants are II. Domesticated Animalsa. Can compare domesticated animals to wild ones i. Domesticated animals are smaller (don’t need to be as big)ii. Lose traits useful for surviving in the wild (tusks, teeth)iii. Changes in behavior1. Keep traits that humans want—docile, bigger cuts of meatIII. Domesticated Plants a. Have features that people want b. Hold together betteri. Tougher rachis (part that connects stem to seed) 1. Seeds stay longer c. Lose defenses d. Can’t self-pollinate, need people’s help e. Larger edible parts IV. How to Identify Agriculture a. Artifacts These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Used for extensive exploitation of domesticated plants 1. Grinding stones, axes, sickles, plows, storage facilities ii. Use-wear analysis 1. Identify if knives/multi-purpose tools were used on plants – sickle gloss iii. Not everyone who uses domesticated species are agriculturalists or pastoralists 1. Dogs were domesticated before agriculture a. Used for hunting, protection b. Not used for foodc. Find them with first hunters 2. Bottle gourds a. Used to transport water3. Cotton a. Developed in Peru to make fishing netsV. Invention of Agriculture in the Near East a. Classic explanation – Gordon Childei. Everything we associate with agricultural societies emerged at once in theNeolithic Revolution ii. Agriculture instantly led to pottery, social inequality, etcb. In reality, the process of Neolithism was more gradual – different stagesi. Kebaran and Geometric Cultures 1. 23,000-13,000 BCE2. Foragers expand into steppe after Ice Age3. Live in brush huts4. Move around following herds of gazelle 5. Used microliths6. Ohalo II – 18,000-17,000 BCE 7. Small village persevered under water until sea levels receded8. No burial goods9. No large social inequality 10. Diverse diet (gazelle, grains, nuts)11. World’s earliest evidence of beds (reed mats)ii. Natufian Period 1. 13,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE2. Change from small sites to larger clusters of buildings 3. Buildings still round4. Probably still pastoral 5. More substantial architecture a. Stone foundationsb. Start of sedentism?c. Storage spaces under houses – thinking aheadd. New tools (mortars, pestles)e. No evidence for domesticated plants/animalsf. Sickle gloss on microliths (use of grains)g. Skulls removed in human burial – ancestor connection, property rights?h. Ain Mallaha – 10,000 BCEi. Man buried alongside dog i. Climactic factors i. Fluctuation between 12 kya and 14 kya ii. Increase in animals eaten (broad spectrum revolution)iii. Increasing population density iii. The Younger Dryas 1. Earth got incredibly cold and dry 2. Food resources spread out 3. Couldn’t get enough food in settlements iv. Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 1. 9500 BCE – 8500 BCE 2. No fully fledged agriculture 3. Sites get larger4. Still have round houses5. More new tools (grind stones, adzes)6. Structure of communities changed 7. Central building at Jerf el Ahmar a. First temple of chief’s house? 8. Increasing density 9. High houses 10. Increasing storage11. Early domestication of