HS222 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 9 – The Nervous System- Functions and Structure of the Nervous System- Divisions of the Nervous System- Cells of the Nervous System- The Brain- Functional Divisions of the Brain- Cranial Nerves- The Spinal Cord- The Meninges- Brain Disorders- Strokes- TermsOutline of Current LectureChapter 9 - Continued- Brain Disorders- Pain Management- Disorders of the Meninges- Disorders of the Cranial Nerves- Disorders of the Myelin Sheath- Disorders of the Spinal Cord- TermsCurrent LectureThe Nervous System ContinuedBrain Disorders-Cerebral PalsyoClassifications-4 limbs - Quadriplegia-4 limbs (Legs more than arms) - Diplegia-3 limbs - Triplegia-2 limbs (Same side of the body) - Hemiplegia-2 limbs (Legs only) - ParaplegiaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-1 limb - MonoplegiaoType-Spastic-Athetoid-Ataxic-Epilepsy - Multiple neurons firing at the same time-Tourette syndrome - Person has multiple motor and neural tics developed before the age of 18. Commonly associated with involuntary yelling of vulgarities and the actions of obscene things.-Narcolepsy - Person involuntarily falls asleep multiple times throughout the dayo1 in 200 people, 50% of cases develop before the age of 10, can be caused by abnormal brain development or brain damage. oCan have seizures -Classifications General - affects both sides of the brainPartial - affects one side of the brainTonic/Clonic - Sustained rigidity due to tonic muscle contractions and then experience clonic contractions where they begin to flail. Often times people will fall asleep after the seizure.Absence - Person stares into the abyss for a period of time (1 min) they do not realize they did it, and do not remember it happened. -Parkinson's DiseaseoSigns/Symptoms - Tremor in the hands, weak voice, festinant gait (shuffling gait/ falling forward)-Huntington's DiseaseoSigns/Symptoms - Muscle weakness, chorea-Creutzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseoCauses - TSE (Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy), mad cow disease, and prions (caused by eating meat that has chronic wasting disease)-Syncope - Passing out and losing consciousness-Headaches-Cerebral EdemaoAccumulation of fluid on or around the brain-EncephalitisoInflammation of the brainoOften in older people and children-Brain AbscessoResult of infections the occur near the brain, outside of the skull, and the infection worksinto the skull-Brain TumorsoBrachytherapy (short therapy)-Planted radioactive pellets in the brain release radiation over time-Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)oContusion - Bruised area of brain injury (Coo/Contra-coo injury - head is jerked one forward or back and the brain is thrust back and forth within the skull).oConcussion - Lose consciousness, dazed state, and serious condition especially if repeated.oImpairment - Deviation of normal function of the brain.oDisability - Constriction in the ability to complete one's own ADLs (activities of daily living).-About 5.3 million Americans live with disabilities from TBIs. oHandicap - The inability to complete ADLs on one's ownoShaken Baby Syndrome - Occurs in children 2 years or younger, happens due to child experiencing coo/contra-coo injury from being shaken severely. Pain Management-Treatment based on severity of painoAnalgesics - Remove feeling from particular area of the bodyoAnesthetics - Remove all feeling ( "Go under")-Interventional Pain Management-Phantom Pain - Pain after an amputation, the brain interprets pain from the removed limb due to existing nerve endings-Referred Pain - Pain in various areas of the body due to a different condition Disorders of the Meninges-Epidural Hematoma - Buildup of blood between the skull and meninges of the brain-Subdural Hematoma - Buildup of blood outside of the brain-Meningitis - Bacterial or viral inflammation of the meninges, there is a vaccine to prevent the disorder.-Meningioma - Growth on the meninges, do not metastasize but still causes issues. Disorders of Cranial Nerves-Bell's Palsy - Damage to facial nerve that causes weakness or paralysis to the muscles on one side of the face -Trigeminal Neuralgia - Severe stabbing pains to one side of the faceo(aka: Tic Douloureux) -Horner SyndromeoCaused by depressed functions of the Hypothalamus, or damage to the nerve fibers that come from this part of the brainoPtosis - sagging or dropping of eyelids. Disorders of the Myelin Sheath of Nerve Fibers-Demyelination - The sheath of the myelin is destroyed and nerves cannot send or receive impulses-Guillian-Barre Syndrome - Attacks myelin at the PNS where the sheaths are formed by Schwann Cells.oParesthesia - Changes in sensations (Foot falls asleep)-Multiple Sclerosis - Autoimmune, attacks myelin at the spinal cord, and brain (CNS) where the sheath is formed by oligodendrocyte cells. Disorders of the Spinal Cord-Severed Spinal Cord - A break in the network of nerves in the spine-Contused Spinal Cord - Loss of function due to a bruising of the spinal cord-Compressed Spinal Cord - Pressure on the spinal cord that often effects the cervical portion of the spine. Could be due to a tumor or other mass.-Acute Transverse Myelitis - Inflammation of the white and gray matter in one or more sections ofthe spinal cord -Sub-acute Combined Degeneration - Caused by B12 deficiency, lose sense of the position of theirlimbs-Poliomyelitis - Viral disease that effects younger children, incidence has declined significantly since the discovery of a vaccine. Infection of the gray matter in the spinal cord that leads to paralysis. -Post-polio Syndrome - Occurs years after you have polio, you still have the weakness.-Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Motor neuron disease that is progressive and degenerative. Death of neurons that leads to eventual loss of movement and speech. Terms-Hemiparesis - asymmetric weakness-Hemiplegia - paralysis of one side-Exacerbation - Increase in severity of disease-Intermittent - Alternately ceasing and beginning again-Modify - Changing the form or quality of something-Remission - Lessening of the symptoms of a