HS222 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 8 – Continued- Order of Development- Obstetrics: Pregnancy and Childbirtho Products of Conceptiono Hormones of Pregnancyo Childbirtho Disorders of Pregnancy- The Breast- Lactation- Disorders of the Breast- TermsOutline of Current LectureChapter 9 – the Nervous System- Functions and Structure of the Nervous System- Divisions of the Nervous System- Cells of the Nervous System- The Brain- Functional Divisions of the Brain- Cranial Nerves- The Spinal Cord- The Meninges- Brain Disorders- Strokes- TermsCurrent LectureThe Nervous System Functions and Structure of the Nervous System-Sensory Input - Information that is gathered from the body and sent to the brain-Sensory Output - Commands sent from the brain to the muscles of the bodyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Evaluation and Integration - Brain and spinal cord receive information and initiate response and store event as memory-Homeostasis - The body keeping itself in its normal range of function to run optimally-Mental Activity - Thinking, feeling, reasoning Divisions of the Nervous System-Central Nervous System (CNS) - The Brain and Spinal Cord-Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Nerves throughout the bodyoSensory - Afferent. Carries receptors from the body to the brain-Visceral Nerves - Carry messages from the thoracic region and organs to the brain. E.g. Nausea, need to eat, or pee, etc.-Somatic Nerves - Bones, muscles, joints, and some organs that send messages tothe brain. E.g. broken bone.oMotor - Efferent. Carries receptors from the brain to the body-Visceral Motor DivisionAutonomic Nervous System (ANS) - Carries signals from the brain to the involuntary areas (glands, heart, lungs, etc.) of the body-Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest-Sympathetic - Fight or Flight-Somatic Motor Division - Carries signals from the brain to the voluntary areas of the body (arms, hands, legs, etc.)oSAME: Sensory - Afferent. Motor - Efferent. Cells of the Nervous SystemNeurons - Nerve cell that sends messages to other nerve cells/targets-Cell Body - (aka: Soma) Contains nucleus and dendrites -Axon - Transmit stimuli to the effector or other cells-Dendrite - extend from cell body. Receive stimuli from other cellsSynapse - Space between axial/dendritic junctionsNeurotransmitter - Released by axon and cross the synaptic cleft to innervate the post-synaptic membrane-Acetylcholine (ACh) - Causes muscle cells to contract-Norepinephrine (NE) - Excitatory -Serotonin - Mood and sleep-Dopamine - Inhibits excess muscle activity-Endorphins - Naturally found within the body that act like morphineNeuroglia - All cells work together to help protect the neurons and help them function-(CNS)oAstrocytes - Assist in the transportation of water and saltoOligodendrocytes - Form the myelin sheath in CNSoMicroglia - Phagocytize debris and bacteriaoEpendymal - Line the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain-PNSoSchwann Cells - Form myelin sheath in PNSoSatellite Cells - Unknown functionBlood Brain Barrier (BBB) - Protects the brain against foreign toxins and materials. It is not completely impenetrable.The BrainDivisions of the Brain-Cerebrum - Largest part, most superior portion of the brainoFrontal Lobe - Logic/Intellect, reasoning, control of emotions, etc.oParietal Lobe - Tactile stimuli like pain and heatoTemporal Lobe(s) - Spoken languageoOccipital Lobe - Vision and the written word-Cerebellum - inferior to the Cerebrum. Controls posture and balance-Brainstem - Inferior to the Cerebellum, connects the brain to the spinal cord Functional Divisions of the Brain-Thalamus - Receives all sensory stimuli and directs it-Hypothalamus - Homeostasis, hunger, sleep, etc.-Basal Nuclei - Control of voluntary muscle movements and posture-Limbic System - Basic emotion-Brainstem - Breathing, heart rate, basic functions of living-Cerebellum - Controls muscle activity that coordinates balance and posture. Alcohol can depress its function. Cranial NervesTwelve Pairs of Cranial Nerves - Named by Roman numerals, main function is to communicate between the brain and body. The Spinal CordRegions-Cervical - Innervates the neck, shoulders, and arms. C1-C8-Thoracic - Innervates the thoracic region, vertebral column, chest, and ribs. T1-T12-Lumbar - Innervates the back and the hips. L1-L5-Sacral - Sacrum, innervates the buttocks, genitals, and the back of the legs. S1-S5 The MeningesLayers-Dura Mater - Thick, tough membrane, most outer layer of the meninges.-Arachnoid Mater - Middle layer, web-like, delicate-Pia Mater - Innermost layer, tender, thin and fibrous, directly on the surface of the brain Brain DisordersDementia - Short term memory loss, reasoning, confusion, impaired intellectual functioning. Medication reactions can sometimes cause Dementia.-Alzheimer's disease - Most common cause of Dementia, unknown cause of Alzheimer's. Excess proteins are built up in the brain of these patients-Vascular Dementia - Arteries to the brain become blocked and cause this condition-Confusion - Inability to process information normally-Delirium - Sudden onset of disorientationStrokes-Ischemic Strokes - Inadequate blood supply to the brain, death of brain cells, something has blocked off a major artery to the brain-Hemorrhagic Strokes - Blood vessel in the brain busts, ruptured aneurysms, etc.-Transient Ischemic Attacks - Small stroke with short term symptoms, lasts no more than 24 hours. 1/3 of people that have TISAs will have more TIAs and 1/3 will have a full-blown stroke later on. Terms-Receptor - Specialized cells that detect changes in their environment-Afferent - To bring to-Efferent - To take away from-Ganglion - (Plural: Ganglia) Swelling, a collection of nerve bodies outside the CNS-Neuron - Nerve-Plexus - (Plural: Plexuses) Braid, web-like network of joined nerves-BBB - Blood Brain Barrier-CSF - Cerebrospinal Fluid-Gray Matter - Areas where the cell bodies and dendrites are grouped together closely-White Matter - Regions of the brain and spinal cord that are in abundance of axons, it is white due to the myelin sheath that covers the axon.-Cortex - (Plural: Cortices) Shell. Gray covering of the Cerebral hemispheres-Gyrus - (Plural: Gyri) Circle. One of many rounded elevations on the Cerebral hemispheres-Sulcus - (Plural: Sulci) Furrow or ditch. A separation of the gyri in the brain-Coma - Deep