HS222 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 8 – Continued - Disorders of the Female Reproductive System- Female Infertility- Contraception- ConceptionOutline of Current LectureChapter 8 – Continued- Order of Development- Obstetrics: Pregnancy and Childbirtho Products of Conceptiono Hormones of Pregnancyo Childbirtho Disorders of Pregnancy- The Breast- Lactation- Disorders of the Breast- TermsCurrent LectureOrder of Development of Pre-Fetal Growth1. Fertilization/Conception2. Blastocyst3. Zygote4. Morula5. Fetus Obstetrics: Pregnancy and ChildbirthProducts of Conception-Singleton - One egg and one sperm for one child-Dizygotic - Two eggs with two sperm, fraternal twins.-Monozygotic - One egg, one sperm, but the egg splits into another egg(s). It happens very early on. This is how you can have triplets, or quadruplets. Identical twins.oIf the split occurs too late, you end up with Siamese or conjoined twinsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Embryo - 2nd week to the first two months. Placenta, amnion, yolk sac, and the chorion. Structures and organs are in extremely early stages.-Placenta - Supports the fetus with nutrients, removes toxins, transports hormones via exchange, and separates the mother's and fetus' blood. -Fetus - 9th week until birth Hormones of Pregnancy-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - "Early pregnancy factor," produced by the embryo and the placenta. It maintains the corpus luteum which produces progesterone and causes the endometrium to get thicker.-Estrogen - Stimulates uterus enlargement-Progesterone - Prevents menstruation, contraction, and ovulation-Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - Help maintain the corpus luteum-Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - Help maintain the corpus luteum ChildbirthStages-One - Dilation and effacement of the uterus-Two - Expulsion of the fetus-Three - Expulsion of the placenta Disorders of Pregnancy-Ectopic Pregnancy - When an egg is implanted anywhere but inside the uterus, often occurs in the fallopian tube. Medical emergency and needs to be removed.-Preeclampsia - Happens in the 20th week. Sudden high blood pressure, develop edema, protein urea. Can develop full-on eclampsia. Used to be treated by bed-rest, now by steroids and medicines to lower BP.-Eclampsia - Same as preeclampsia, often accompanied by seizures.-Amniotic Fluid AbnormalitiesoOligohydramnios - Too little amniotic fluidoPolyhydramnios - Too much-Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - Diabetes limited to the time of pregnancy-Hyperemesis Gravidarum - Excess "morning sickness"-Teatrogenesis - "Creation of monsters." Teratogens that cause birth defects of the fetus. Some medications, alcohol, etc. can cause this-Fetal Distress - Lack of oxygen to fetus during labor-Abnormal Position of Fetus - Head down is normal. If they cannot be repositioned, they are delivered by C-section.oBreech - bottom first-Prolapsed Umbilical Cord - Cord is kinked between mother and fetus.-Nuchal Cord - Umbilical wrapped around the baby's neck-Premature Rupture of Membranes - Amniotic membranes break before the woman is in labor, increases chance of infection in the uterus-Premature - Before 37 weeks, not fully developed-Post-mature - After 42 weeks, not receiving enough nutrients-Disorders of the PlacentaoPlacenta abruptio - Placenta separates from the uterus before the end of laboroPlacenta previa- Placenta develops between the baby's head and the opening of the cervix, often have to deliver by C-sectionoRetained placenta - Not completely expelled after the baby is born The BreastAnatomy of the Breast-ExternaloNippleoAreolaoBody-InternaloLactiferous ducts/sinusesoMammary glandsoLobes Lactation-Colostrum - Rich in nutrients, first thing the breast produces in lactation-Prolactin - Hormone that stimulates production and excretion of lactate-Oxytocin - Hormone that stimulates production and excretion of lactate Disorders of the Breast-Mastitis -Inflammation of the breast-Mastalgia - Pain of the breast-Paget Disease - Indicative of cancer, burning and itching at the nipple-Nipple Discharge - Often benign discharge-Fibroadenomas - Small benign tumors/cysts in the breast-Fibrocystic Disease - Fibrous lumps in the breast-Breast Cancer - Mammography done to screen or diagnose. Chemo or radiation as treatmentoLumpectomy - Surgical removal of the lump, tumor, or massoQuadranectomy - Removal of quadrant of the breast oMastectomy - Removal of the whole breast-Galactorrhea - Production of breast milk when your are not lactating-Gynecomastia - Enlargement of breast tissue Terms-Abortion - The process of failing at onset / terminating a pregnancy at 20 weeks or earlier-Embryo - "Young one"-Fetus - Offspring-Gravida - Pregnant woman-Para - Bring forth / number of deliveries a woman has had-Labor - Process of expelling the fetus and placenta from the uterus-Crowning - Baby's head first appearing in the vaginal opening-Dilation - Stretching and widening of the cervix-Effacement - Thinning of the cervix-Lochia - Postpartum vaginal discharge, happens in three stages, it is normal to have after labor, itis not normal to have excess bleeding or odors.-Puerperium - Six -week, postpartum period-BSE - Breast Self-Exam-BRCA-1 - When defective, it is a mutation that may be indicative of breast cancer. When working properly, it prevents cell replication.-BRCA-2 - When defective, it is a mutation that may be indicative of breast cancer. When working properly, it prevents cell