HS222 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 7 – Continued- Prepuce and Urethra- Disorders of the Prepuce- Disorders of the Urethra- TermsChapter 8 – Female Reproductive system- External Genitalia and the Vagina- Vagina and the Disorders- Internal Female Anatomy- STDs- Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, and Uterus- Oogenesis- Menstruation/Sexual Cycle- TermsOutline of Current LectureChapter 8 – Continued - Disorders of the Female Reproductive System- Female Infertility- Contraception- ConceptionCurrent LectureThe Female Reproductive System Continued Disorders of the Female Reproductive Tract-Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome - Formation of multiple follicular (where the eggs develop) cysts that fill with fluid, it is bilateral, leads to absence of ovulation and normal menstrual cycle. Cysts tend to produce androgen (male hormone), women who have this disorder are at risk of diabetes and other issues due to inability to lose weight as well.-Ovarian Cancer - Typically treated with surgery and chemo. Asymptomatic until further advanced, often not diagnosed soon enough to be treated successfully.-Amenorrhea - Lacking menstrual flowThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.oPrimary - Failure to begin menstruating by age 16 oSecondary - Woman that has previously received menstrual cycle suddenly no longer hasher period for three months or longer. E.g. Pregnancy-Dysmenorrhea - Painful menstruation flowoPrimary - Pain prior to menstrual cycleoSecondary - Dysmenorrhea associated with other reproductive disorders that causes pain in menstruation-Endometriosis - Cells of the endometrium become implanted outside of the uterus, it continues to grow and thicken, then die off every month. Scar tissue and cysts are common.-Salpingitis - Inflammation of the fallopian tubes, often caused by infections in the vagina and uterus that work their way up to the tubes. Heal by scarring. Can lead to infertility. More likely to have an ectopic pregnancy.-Uterine Prolapse - Uterus slips from its normal position, ligaments that hold in in the abdomen become lax. -Uterine Fibroids - Tumor in the muscle wall of the uterus-Uterine bleeding - Caused by polyps or fibroids, sometimes has no cause and is called DUB or Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding. Treated with uterine oblation.-Menopause - Normal cessation of menses for over one year. Heart disease is much higher for women after entering menopause.-Endometrial Cancer - Cancer of the lining of the uterus. Most common gynecologic cancer in women. Most common sign is vagina bleeding after menopause. Hysterectomy and chemo are treatment.-Cervical Cancer - Cancer of the neck of the uterus. Most common amongst women ages 35-55.-Pap smear - Gynecologist uses this test to diagnose disorders of the vagina. Commonly HPV. Female Infertility - Inability to conceive for one year or more-Causes - Problems with fallopian tubes, uterus, or infrequent ovulation or anovulation-Diagnosing - Hormone blood levels are tested, ultrasound, laparoscopy, post-intercourse testing-Treatments - Insemination or In-vitro fertilizationoInfertile couples, where the woman is the only one that is infertile, is about 35% of the cases. Contraception-Behavior Methods - Abstinence, rhythm, or withdrawal-Barrier Methods - Condoms (Male or Female), IUDs, diaphragms, birth control, and spermicides (back-up method).oCondoms are the only method that protect against STDsoIUDs - Prevents semen from getting through the vaginal mucus and it prevents the lining from getting thick so an egg can’t implantoHormonal Methods - The pill, the ring, the rod, etc.oSurgical Methods - Hysterectomy or having the fallopian tubes severed (tubal ligation) Conception-Fertilization occurs within the outermost third of the fallopian tube, sperm has to penetrate an ovum, then the cortical reaction occurs and no other sperm can penetrate the egg.-A zygote is a fertilized cell, then becomes a blastocyst-Implantation occurs when the blastocyst buries into the endometrial