LECTURE #1LECTURE #2LECTURE #3LECTURE #4LECTURE #5LECTURE #6LECTURE #7LECTURE #8LABSATMS 100: EXAM I REVIEW SHEET ‐ Exam: Monday, March 2, IN CLASS. You may use a calculator. NO CELL PHONES. Please bring a #2 pencil and your I Card. Study‐aids: This sheet, lecture notes, textbook, class exercises. Learn and be able to apply concepts; do NOT simply memorize facts. Questions? Come to office hours, ask your TA, post to the discussion board on Compass. LECTURE #1 • Which gases are the primary constituents of the atmosphere?o Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon• What is the difference between weather and climate? o Weather: atmospheric conditions specific time or placeo Climate: average weather over long period of time• What is the difference between satellites and radar? o Radar: Views precipitation from goundo Satellite: Views clouds from space• What is Doppler radar? o Can sense motion of precipitation particles towards/away from radar• How is wind direction defined?o From the direction it is blowing, not where it is blowing towards • How do winds blow around high and low pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere?o Low pressure: Counter clockwise and inwards, associated with cloudso High pressure: clock wise and outwards, associated with clear skies LECTURE #2 • What is pressure and how does it change with height? o Pressure is force over a certain areao It will always decrease as height increases• What is the average atmospheric pressure (in mb) at sea level? o 1013.25 mb• What is density and how does it change with height? o Density is the mass over a certain volumeo Density decreases with increasing height• Why is pressure corrected to sea level? o Because there exists a variability in elevations across the surface, and this can throw off weather observations• What is a lapse rate?o The rate at which temperature decreases with height • What is an inversion? o Layer in which temperature increases with height• What is the troposphere? o The lowest layer of the atmosphereo 8-12 km deepo Contains all of the earth’s weathero Temperature USUALLY decreases with height in this region• How is the atmosphere divided into layers? What are they? o Divided into layers by temperature▪ Troposphere• 8-12 km• Temperature decreases with height▪ Tropopause• Top of troposphere• Lid of weather▪ Stratosphere• Inversion zone• Ozone layer, absorbs UV radiation• Capped at top by stratopause▪ Mesosphere• ‘Middle atmosphere’• Temperature decreases with height• Thin air : 0.1 percent of surface pressure• Capped at top by mesopause▪ Thermosphere• Inversion zone• Practically no pressure• You will freeze regardless of temperature• How does temperature typically vary with height in the atmosphere? o Typically it decreases with height, however inversion zones are areas where theopposite occurs LECTURE #3 • What does the conservation of energy say? o Energy is neither created or destroyedo Energy can be transformed between two different forms• What is temperature? o Average speed of the molecules of a substance• How does temperature affect air density? o Warm air is less dense so it will riseo Cold air is more dense so It will sink• What is sensible heat? o Heat that can be sensed or measured with a thermometer• What is latent heat? o The energy absorbed or released during a phase change• What are the phase changes of water? Which are warming and which are cooling processes? Why? o Warming changes▪ Deposition: gas to solid▪ Condenstion : gas to liquid▪ Freezing : liquid to solido Cooling changes▪ Melting▪ Evaporation▪ Sublimation : solid to gas• What is conduction? Convection? Advection? o Direct transfer of heat from one object to another▪ Opposite of conductors is insulatorso Convection : Transfer of heat through fluid flow▪ Fluid flow means air or water currents▪ Generally means vertical movementso Advection: same as convection, except horizontal movements• How does the sun heat the lower atmosphere? o Sunlight hits the surface, heating up thin layer of air at surface through conductiono Convection then carries that air upwards heating the lower atmosphere through convection• How does the temperature of air change as it rises and sinks? Why? o Hot air rises since it is less dense, as it rises pressure decreases and the air expands, using energy. The air cools as it loses energy. o Cold air then sinks, as it does pressure increases, causing the air to compress. This transfers energy to the air, which then warms up again. LECTURE #4 • What objects emit radiation? o Errythang NIGGA• How is the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation related to energy?o Shorter the wavelength, greater the energy• What controls the intensity and amount of radiation an object emits? o Objects with higher temperature emit shorter wavelength so more energy• How does the intensity, frequency and wavelength of the emitted radiation change as anobject gets warmer? o As intensity increases so does wavelength and so does frequency. This relates to increasing temperatures.• What type of radiation does the Earth primarily emit? The sun? o The earth emits shortwave radio, the sun emits ultra violet• What are black bodies? Are the Earth and sun examples of black bodies? Is the atmosphere a black body? o Objects that emit and absorb many wavelengths of radiation.o Yes they are, and no the atmosphere is not• How does the absorption and emission of radiation affect the temperature of an object? o When an object emits less than it receives, it heats upo When an object emits more than it receives, it cools• How does the temperature of an object change if it emits more (less/same) radiation than it receives? o Same as above• What is the radiative equilibrium temperature? o When an object emits and receives the same amount of radiation• What is a greenhouse gas? What are examples of greenhouse gases? o A gas in the atmosphere that only emits and receives certain wavelengths• What is the greenhouse effect? Why is it a poorly named phenomenon?‐o These gases absorb the radiation, then heat up as a result. They then release this energy as radiation upwards and downwards. Increases the average surface temperature.o Badly named because green houses are designed to keep warm air from rising at all• What is albedo? o A measure of reflectivityo Is the percentage of all incoming radiation that is relfected•