HS222 1st Edition Lecture 8Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 7 – The Male Reproductive System- Primary Sex Organs- Secondary Sex Organs- Accessory Glands- Testes and Spermatic Cord- Testosterone- Spermatogenesis- Mature Sperm- Disorders of the Testes- Disorders of the Prostate Gland- Infertility- Disorders of the Penis- TermsOutline of Current LectureChapter 7 – Continued- Prepuce and Urethra- Disorders of the Prepuce- Disorders of the Urethra- TermsChapter 8 – Female Reproductive system- External Genitalia and the Vagina- Vagina and the Disorders- Internal Female Anatomy- STDs- Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, and Uterus- Oogenesis- Menstruation/Sexual Cycle- TermsCurrent LectureChapter 7 - Male Reproductive System ContinuedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Prepuce and the Urethra-Prepuce - (aka: Foreskin), surgery to remove the prepuce is called circumcisionoBeing circumcised often helps protect men against penile cancer, HPV, and their partners against cervical cancer-Urethra - Transports urine and semen to the outside of the body Disorders of the Prepuce -Balanitis - Inflammation of the glands and prepuce usually caused by bacteria of yeast-Phimosis - Constricted prepuce (Can lead to balanitis)-Paraphimosis - Prepuce is retracted and cannot be pulled back over to cover the glands Disorders of the Urethra-Urethritis - Inflammation of the urethra-Urethral Stricture - Narrowing of the opening of the urethra-Hypospadias - Urethra opens on the underside of the penis, instead of at the tip/end. Can be corrected surgically, it is congenital-Epispadias - Urethra opens on the top side of the penis. Can be corrected surgically, it is congenital Terms-Impotence - Erectile Dysfunction (ED)-STD - Sexually transmitted disease-Chancre - Lesion that occurs in Syphilis-Condyloma - Genital wart-Erection - Distended and rigid state of an organ - e.g. the Penis-Circumcision - Removal of the prepuce-Contraception - Preventing conception-Spermicide - Agent that destroys spermChapter 8 - Female Reproductive System External Genitalia and Vagina-Perineum - Triangle area in which the external genitalia is located -Vulva - Term used to refer to all the external genitaliaoMons PubisoLabia MajoraoLabia MinoraoVestibuleoClitoris-Accessory StructuresoParaurethral glands - Controversy about what their actual function isoBartholin's glands - Produce mucus to lubricate during intercourseoVestibular bulbs - Erectile bodies (Fill with blood and become erect during intercourse) Just a Note: Similarities between male and female genitalia are due to the fact that we all start off with the same parts, and it takes hormones in development to express either male or female reproductive organs. We call these parts homologs.-Female vs. MaleoClitoris and PenisoOvary and TestisoBartholin's glands and Bulbourethral glands Vagina and the Disorders-Vagina - Function is to receive semen and if fertilization occurs, it is the canal to birth the fetus. When referring to the vagina, we use the term vaginal.-Disorders oBacterial Vaginosis - Bacterial infection of the vagina, fishy odoroToxic Shock Syndrome - Overgrowth of normal vaginal bacteria, often due to not changing tampons and having too much bacteria growing within the vagina , usually staphylococcus bacteriaoVulvovaginal Candidiasis - (aka: Yeast infection) Side effect of taking antibiotics, balance of the flora is off. Cottage cheese discharge from the vagina. Effects the vagina and the vulva.75% of adult women have at least one yeast infection in their lives.oVulvodynia -Chronic, severe pain around the vaginal orifice-Dyspareunia - Painful intercourseoVaginal Cancer Internal Female Anatomy-Fornix - Arch shaped, "dead- end" part of the vagina behind and around the cervix-Ruga - Fold. Ridge, or crease Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)-Chlamydia - The "silent STD" because it is often asymptomatic, treated with antibiotics, CDC reports that it is the number one most reported infectious disease in the US. 25 and younger are most often those infected. 2.86 million cases annually.-Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - Ascending of an infection into the more interior organs, can cause infertility, can be passed on to her newborn if the woman has PID when giving birth.-Gonorrhea - Infection of bacteria, can cause urethritis or vaginitis, is sometime asymptomatic. Not easy to treat, the disease has gained a resistance to the antibiotics we use to treat it. 335 thousand cases in 2012.-Syphilis - Caused by a spirochete, first sign is s chancre and often is not noticed, when syphilis is advanced and untreated it can cause brain damage. 50 thousand cases in 2012.-Chancroid - Ulcerative disease, not systemic like syphilis, can be treated and cured with antibiotics.-Trichomoniasis - Parasitic disease, in men it is asymptomatic, in women it is often indicative of a yellow/green discharge. 3.7 million cases annually.-Mulloscum Contagiousum - Small shiny bumps that are viral and can occur anywhere on the body-Genital herpes - Caused by virus, there are two different types of herpes viruses - cold sores is different than genital herpes, but they can be spread from one to another. Both partners must be tested. Life-long disease. -Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) - Causes genital warts. Women have to be especially careful because it can lead to precancerous changes in the cervix. Vaccine available for boys and girls as long as they receive it before they have been exposed to it.-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - Precursor to AIDS, however, they are not the same. AIDS is what can develop after you have HHIV for a while, this can be months or years. Diagnosed with aWestern Blot or ELISA blood test. Ovaries, Fallopian Tubes, and Uterus-Ovaries - Produce ova and sex hormones -Fallopian Tubes - Provide a passageway from ovary to the uterus, fertilization often occurs here, provide the way for the embryo to reach the uterus-Uterus - Muscular, three parts, and three layersoParts/ Structures-Fundus (Top that is curved/ "dead end")-Body-Neck (Bottom where it narrows to mean the vagina)oLayers-Perimetrium (Most outer layer, thin serosa)-Myometrium (Thick muscular layer)-Endometrium (Most inner layer that sheds each month) Oogenesis - A baby girl is born with all of the ova she will ever have, and will not produce more ova throughout life. After puberty,