NTRES 2201 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of previous lectureI. SociologyA) Social theoriesII. InequalityOutline of current lectureI. Last time: Social theoryII. InequalityA) Gini coefficientB) Inequality trendsIII. Inequality and the environmentA) Kuznets curveB) Environmental Kuznets curveCurrent lectureI. Last time: Social theory*Functionalist perspective*Environmental sociologyII. Inequality*Stratification:-Along what dimensions is society sorted? Money? Goods? Power?-How does society become stratified in the way that it does?*Inequality is a very important discussion*Lots of ways that it comes about, but there are potentially ways to solve it*Levels-Inequality at an individual level (scores on a midterm)-Inequality of entire groups (this class’s scores on a midterm vs another class)*Is inequality always a bad thing? Can I be good?A) Gini coefficient: -How we measure inequality1These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.% Wealth 0 0 % Population 1^ Equal population: Gini coefficient=0-If one person has 100% of the wealth, the Gini coefficient is 1^ This is how it usually is-The Gini coefficient is very close to the area under the top (red) graph divided bythe area under the top (red) graph plus the area under the real curve-For 2014, the US Gini coefficient was around 0.48-The Gini coefficient has been consistently getting larger for hundreds of years-Gini coefficients have no relation to historical context like who’s president, what’s the prominent religion, etc… so it can be compared over time-What other countries are we like in terms of the Gini coefficient?-Very similar to:#Iran#Ghana#Cambodia#China #Argentina-Much different than:#France#Germany#Canada-Not exactly what you would expect-Principles:1) Anonymous2) Scale independent3) Transfer principle (wealth movement from rich to poor equalizes)B) Inequality trends-Highest inequality tends to be mostly in Africa (Namibia, South Africa, etc) -Where is it getting better/worse?  The US is almost at the very bottom-Inequality among the states:#Overall higher in the South#Lowest in Utah#Inequality is the worst in NY… this can be attributed to Wall Street-In the US the top 20% has %85 of wealth… the bottom 20% has negative wealth-Break it down further: Hypothetically, with this curve, one person has 23% of the Wealth-Example: distribution of candy bars among class… lowest person has to pay, highest person gets 23. How do we decide who gets what?#Grades#Race#Class favorites#Random#Who’s hungriest#The list goes onIII. Inequality and the environment A) Kuznets curveInequalityProgress -Kuznets argues that inequality is a necessary phase in human progress-Industrialization: urbanization, specialization-How does the curve drop after industrialization?#Greater education to education#People’s ability to migrate#Social policyB) Environmental Kuznets