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CU-Boulder PSYC 2606 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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PSYC 2606 1st Edition Exam #2 Study Guide: Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 Attribution Theory - theory that assumes people attempt to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions on them ● Causal Attribution - we are always looking for a cause to things (linking behavior to an assumed cause of it)○ Explanatory Style - a person’s usual way of explaining events■ External/Internal : is it the fault of something else or is it our fault?■ Unstable/Stable : things are changing and next time could be different (unstable)OR things are changing and will always be this way (stable) ■ Specific/Global : isolated to a specific circumstance or to a specific time ■ said to be predictive of health b/c it shows if you’re an optimist or pessimist ● Optimism = external, unstable, specific ○ predicted to have better success in school and jobs and predicted to have better health● Pessimistic = internal, stable ○ predicted to not have as much success in school and jobs and predicted to have worse health ○ Covariation Principle - behavior should be linked to or attributed to potential causes that would happen at the same time as the behavior ■ Consensus - looking at things that covariate with a certain belief (high consensus= more likely to agree with it)● ex. you hate mondays and so does everybody else so mondays must suck ● if consensus is low, we attribute it to a certain individual but if it is high we attribute it to the situation■ Distinctiveness - how unique this behavior is in this situation● low distinction = more generalization of things ● high distinction = really specific (unique to that individual or event and we attribute it to the individual or event and less about the situation)■ Consistency - is it predictable or the same across circumstances?● high consistency = dependent● low consistency = hard to attribute to anything ○ Discounting Principle - we assign less weight in response to a particular behavior if othercauses may have caused that behavior ■ if it is in line with a respective behavior/role then it is less attributable to the person ○ Augmentation Principle - we should put more emphasis on the individual for the behavior if there are other causes present that would normally present the opposite behavior ■ ex. really shy at a party shows even more so how shy the person actually is - we can attribute this behavior to them more○ Counterfactual Thoughts - a human tendency to create possible alternatives to like events ■ what might have been possible or another thing that could have happened■ we are really affected when something ALMOST happened or the outcome is easy to imagine ■ Emotional Amplification - under the circumstance of counterfactual thinking, the tendency to amplify your thought process based upon how you are comparing yourself to somebody else ● when you’re doing upward social comparison to see what you almost had● ex. when second place people usually aren’t as happy as first place or third place ○ second place = upward comparison○ third place = downward comparison○ Errors and biases in attribution : ■ Fundamental Attribution Error - attributing behavior of somebody else to their disposition rather than the situation that they are in ● overestimating the power of the situation● Just-World Hypothesis - the tendency to believe that people get what they deserve ○ nobody wants to believe it will happen to them ● Actor-Observer Differences - the actor to attribute their behavior to the situation and the observer attributes the behavior of the actor to their disposition (fundamental attribution error and self serving bias combined) Chapter 5 - pg 183-188CULTURE & CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION➢ much of what psychologists understand about people is universal but all people perceive the causes of their own behavior somewhat differently ➢ most other countries pay more attention to social situations and the people who are involved in them than people in the US do➢ Causal attribution for independent and interdependent peoples○ Asians are more inclined than westerners to attribute behavior to the situation■ ex. US coaches tend to see positive outcomes as the result of the players abilitieswhile Asian coaches are more likely to refer to the other team in the context ○ westerners see dispositions and internal causes where Asians see situations and contexts ➢ Culture and fundamental attribution error○ fundamental attribution error is more widespread and pronounced for Westerners than for Easterners ■ westerners pay little attention to situational factors in circumstances in which Asians pay considerable attention to and grant their influence■ Koreans are more likely to recognize the implications of consensus information - if many people behave in a particular way in a given situation, they recognize that the situation is probably the main determinant of behavior ● Americans attributions tend to be less influenced by consensus info● Asians are less likely to make an initial dispositional inference in circumstances where such inferences would usually have been made by Americans● Asians are less likely to notice situational cues that might correct a disposition inference● Asians are less likely to make a dispositional influence in the first place ■ other cultures are more collectivist ➢ priming culture ○ people in Hong Kong can be encouraged to think in either an interdependent way or an independent way when presented with images that suggest one culture or another Emotion - brief specific psychological and physical responses that serve as motivators for behavior ● in response to your environment & specific and brief (not the same thing as mood because it is momentary) ● James Lange Theory - 1st seeing something (autonomic arousal). 2nd become conscious of youremotion (physical reaction first in response to stimulus then you have awareness of your reaction) ● Cannon Bard Theory - you see something and have activity in your brain at the same time and sends out a signal for you physiological response (autonomic arousal) and your conscious emotion ● Appraisal Process - you get the conscious awareness of your reaction and you judge the situation. The ways people evaluate events and the objects in their environment in relationship to their current goal/want


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