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MU ACC 221 - Inventory
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MIP 101 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture XIX. CancerA. VocabularyB. Classification of cancerC. Risk factors of cancerOutline of Current LectureXX. The Nervous SystemA. Central Nervous SystemB. StrokesC. Multiple SclerosisD. Alzheimer’s Disease DementiaE. Parkinson’s DiseaseCurrent LectureXX. The Nervous SystemPhineas Gage – stake impaled his frontal lobe and his behavior changedWe “live in our brains”A. Central Nervous SystemBrain, brain stem and spinal cordSpinal cord: stacked vertebrate, there are particular kinds of nerves in specific parts of the spinal cord; meaning where the spinal cord is injured affects the resulting type of immobility.Each bundle of nerves is a group of axons (the neuron may start in the brain).The entire central nervous system is surrounded by a membrane called the meninges, this consists of the arachnoid, dura and pia. Numbers:-Roughly 86 billion neurons-Roughly 10 trillion synapses-20% of our oxygen intake goes to our brains (Most of our oxygen is used for metabolism)Key parts of a neuron: dendrites (processes that come off the cell body), cell body, and the axon.Axon terminals synapse with the dendrite on target cell – carries nerve signalSynapse: gap between neuronsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Signal comes down the axon tip releasing neurotransmitters (ex: serotonin)Re-uptake: sucking up or recycling of a neurotransmitterChanging the amount of time serotonin spends in synapses affects emotionMyelin sheath surrounding axon (not continuous)Each axon relies on one transmitter – different types of nerves for different neurotransmittersExamples of neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine (adrenaline)GlutamateGamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)Glia: connective tissue of the nervous system that consists of ogliodendrocytes and astrocytes (and more)Ogliodendrocyte: produce myelin sheath (probably does more as well)Astrocyte: support the neuron – pass on nutrients from blood to the neuron, important in memoryMicroglial cell: clips synapses – reconnects nerves with new ones, helps with defenseVentricles: make spinal fluid and are lined by ependymal cellsB. StrokesStroke is one of the leading causes of death in the United States (#4 in 2013)A stroke is caused by a change in blood flow1. Ischemic stroke: reduced blood flow due to a clot in the brain (thrombotic) or elsewhere in the body (embolic, ex: a clot in the carotid artery) both cause brain tissue to be cut offSomeone suffering from an ischemic stroke has 10 seconds to unconsciousness, 20 seconds to cessation of electrical activity and a few minutes until irreversible damage.2. Hemorrhagic stroke: caused by a hemorrhage (inside brain)Different parts of the brain serve different functions and due to blain plasticity if one part is injured one may be able to regain the abilities lost.C. Multiple SclerosisMultiple sclerosis (autoimmune disease) causes damage to the myelin sheath. Those suffering experience tingling and a change in their vision. Because it is an autoimmune disease that means the person’s own immune system is damaging the myelin sheath. Multiple sclerosis makes it appear as though scars have formed on the central nervous system because there are white spots where the myelin sheath has been stripped offWhite matter in the brain = myelinated, gray matter is notMultiple sclerosis has a weird geographical distribution (Canada, northern part of U.S and northern Europe at high risk).Puberty affecting multiple sclerosis? – if you move to a place at 15 or younger you are at the same risk of developing it as someone born there, after 15 you are at the risk of where you moved fromTrigger of multiple sclerosis unknown – some antigens (proposed to be a virus) that looks like myelin sheath confuses the immune system.Loss of motor and sometimes cognitive functionD. Alzheimer’s Disease DementiaThere are dramatically increasing instances of Alzheimer’sCauses progressive memory loss, a process causes nerve loss and in turn loss of cognitive function.Agnosia: the loss of ability to understand perception (ex: recognize daughter)Aphasia: inability to comprehend languageLow incidence in Africa (possibly because life span is shorter) and high in AsiaRisk factors: age and genesNeuritic plaque: made up of proteinE. Parkinson’s DiseaseThe basal ganglia affects coordinationAcetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter to the basal gangliaSymptoms: shuffling, stooped posture, reduced facial expressions, tremor (especially when at rest)Parkinson’s represses dopamine, this is responsible for many of the symptoms – Parkinson’s cannot be treated by simply adding dopamine.Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s are in a way, like prion


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