1/26/15CHAPTER 1 LECTURE - What’s sociology of sport?- Sub discipline of sociology and physical education (kinesiology) - Studies sport as part of social and cultural life + done by comprehensive analysis of social, cultural, and historical aspects of sport - Analyzing sport from a socio-cultural perspective  Various interactions must be understood: - Relationship between sport and other aspects of social life (e.g. family, education, politics, economy)- Social organization, group behavior, and social interaction pattern existing in sport setting (group dynamics, loyalty, trust, teamwork)- Cultural, structural, and situational factors impacting sport, sport experience, sport environment (e.g. race/ethnicity, class difference, economy access, gender, security)- Social processes that occur in conjunction with sport (e.g. socialization, competition, bonding, cooperation) - Concerned with how behavior of individual and groups within sport settings are influenced by- Social relationship - Past social experience - Social setting where sport and related physical act take place (sport bar)- Observational definition: study of interaction and/or relationship between sport and society  Sport as social phenomena - Sports more than athletic exercises or competitive act where there’s a winner and loser- Sports are an integral part of the social and cultural aspect of society - Sports are a salient component within a given society although vary from society to society  Sport as social construction - Institutionalized sports are act that are developed and given meaning and form by individual within society; glue insight to society’s social, political, and economic systems - Sports may typify value system of society- Sports exhibit difference forms and meanings from place to place  Salient difference between psychology and sociology of sport - Psychology of sport (sport psychologists…)- Study behavior in terms of attributes and processes existing within individual + Motivation, cognition, perception, self-esteem, personalities, attitudes, and performance + Techniques and strategies may include: mental imagery, psyching up “self-talk,” and hypnosis - Address interpersonal dynamics which may include communication patterns, leadership, andsocial influence + Emphasis within individual - Seek answers to various research questions via attitudes, emotions, perceptions, and response pattern of individual on test inventories- Attempt to change individuals- Sociology of sport (sport sociologists…)- Study sport related behavior in terms of social conditions and the social contexts in which individual live+ Social environment or milieu is key - Interested in social issues, relationships, organizations, and social change (sport participation, race, gender, labor relations)- Sport and physical activities are organized, and how they fit into these organizations+ Emphasis placed on individual, organizational structure, conditions, and milieu - Seek answers to research questions via social conditions, political and economic factors, norms and traditions, and historical circumstances - Attempt to change external conditions, whereas sport psychologist tend to focus attention on personal experiences - Focus on group experiences  Sociology of sport as controversial - Deemed controversial because helps individuals better understand sport(s) as social phenomenon + Awareness may lead to discovery of problems based in structure of sport - Recommendations to address the problem may threaten status quo - Sport is demystified  Ideologies - General perspectives and ideas people employ to make sense out of their social world or specific aspect of it - Invariably impacts views pertaining to society - Various ideologies exist in society (gender, racial, class, religious cultural)*text pg. 14-18* Cultural ideology - General ideology subscribed to by many within society- Can impact views and actions regarding gender, class, and race, in sport and society - Not always consistent within society or representative of the beliefs of those in given society (sport and character building, academic, and athletics)  Why study sport from socio-cultural perspective?- Pervasive and all-encompassing nature - Permeated all aspects of society - Globalization aspect particularly in North America and highly industrialized countries - Aspect of American life that’s so pervasive that virtually no individual is untouched by it (Miller lite report, 1983) Pervasiveness of sport - Sport has major impact on following: - Politics + Olympic Boycotts (1980 & 1984) and the “athletic arms race”+ International athletic exchange programs + Stadium and arena referendums- Economics+ Sport facility construction and renovation costs + Athletic marketing and merchandising+ Professional players’ salaries+ Major sporting event broadcasting rights (Bowl games, world cup, Olympics) + Network advertising (Super Bowl commercials)- Education + Scholastic and collegiate sport teams + Athletic scholarships - Socialization + Youth sport + Character development - Morals and values + Work ethic and integrity + Loyalty + Sportsmanship- Nationalism + National anthem prior to sporting events- Religion + Pre game prayers+ Muscular Christianity (YMCA, FCA, AIA etc.)- Child rearing + Hero worshipping and role modeling + Gender socialization via early gifts - Race/ethnicity, identity, and social mobility + Basketball vs. volleyball, hockey vs. boxing - Labor relations + Unions, strikes, and collective bargaining + Reserve clause, antitrust laws, and free agency - Lifestyle and health’s + Eating habits and dietary supplements + Fitness craze, cosmetic fitness, and empowerment 1/28/15 What’s sport?- Operational definition: institutionalized competitive activity that involves vigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex motor skills by individual motivated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, or personal enjoyment and external rewards - Determining what a sport is and what isn’t can be difficult to discern. Partly due to the fact that what’s deemed a sport (and what isn’t) varies over time and from culture to culture. Although arbitrary, certain character can aid in the determination of sport forms  Elements comprising sport - Physical activity - Skill, prowess, and exertion of major muscle groups - Competition - Test of individual or group athletic prowess- Unknown outcome - Winner or