PSYX 100 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 12 Chapter 1 Who was the founder of psychology Answer Wilhem Wundt Who brought psychology to America Answer G Stanley Hall Which theory did Freud create and support Answer Psychoanalytic Theory Which psychologist was a main component of structuralism What is structuralism Answer Titchener is the psychologist you should correlate with structuralism Structuralism is based on the idea that the purpose of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic tenants and investigate how these elements are related Which psychologist was a main proponent of functionalism What is functionalism Answer William James was the main proponent to functionalism Functionalism is based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure Who was the creator of human centered therapy and main proponent to humanism Answer Carl Rogers Chapter 2 Define an independent variable Answer The variable manipulated by the experimenter What is meant by an operational definition Answer An operational definition establishes exactly what is meant by each variable in the context of a study What is an extraneous variable Answer An extraneous variable is any variable other than the independent variable that may influence the dependent variable Define naturalistic observation Answer Naturalistic observation is observing behavior without intervening What is the difference between inferential and descriptive statistics Answer Inferential statistics includes measures of statistical significance and rules out chance Descriptive statistics includes measures of data organizing or summarizing What type of study involves an in depth look into an individual participant Answer Case study Describe what is mean by the confounding of variables Answer The confounding of variables is when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects Chapter 3 What is the basic unit of communication in the nervous system that receives integrates and sends out information Answer The neuron Define the three components of a neuron Answer The three components of a neuron are the soma dendrites and axon The soma is the cell body The dendrites receive the information The axon transmits or sends out information What insulates the axons and speeds up transmission of signals Answer The myelin sheath What do terminal buttons secrete Answer Neurotransmitters What is it called when there is a gap between neurons where information is transmitted Answer Synapse What is the function of glia cells Answer Glia cells function to provide support for the neurons What is the period where the cell is unable to fire again called Answer The absolute refractory period What does an agonist do Answer An agonist mimics the action of a neurotransmitter What does an antagonist do Answer An antagonist inhibits the action of a neurotransmitter Which neurotransmitter aids in pain relief Answer Endorphins Which neurotransmitter contributes to the reward pathway Answer Dopamine What organ is your needs regulator that regulates all biological needs Answer The hypothalamus is your needs regulator and responds to your 4 F s of basic needs fleeing fighting fornicating feeding Where is your center of emotions Answer The limbic system is thought of as your center of emotions Remember the hippocampus deals with memory and the amygdala deals with learned fear responses What is referred to as the way station and relays all sensory information to the cerebral cortex Answer Thalamus Chapter 4 Define sensation and perception Answer Sensation is the stimulation of sense organs and perception is how you interpret that stimulation What is the smallest difference in stimulus intensity that you can detect termed as Answer The just noticeable difference What is the level of a stimulus intensity that is detected 50 of the time called Answer The absolute threshold Define sensory adaptation Answer Sensory adaptation is the gradual decrease in sensitivity to a prolonged stimulation This plays a role in tolerance to drugs Describe the difference between cones and rods Answer Cones deal with daylight visions and color while rods are involved in night and peripheral vision What structure in the eye is responsible for the blind spot Answer The optic disk In what order does light pass through the eye Answer Cornea Pupil Lens Chapter 5 What are the four types of brain waves Answer Beta alpha theta and delta When do you experience beta waves Answer When you are awake and also when you are in REM sleep When do you experience delta waves Answer In deep sleep What is somnambulism Answer Sleep walking Define night terrors Answer Abruptly awaking from non REM accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and panic What is seen in those with narcolepsy Answer People diagnosed with narcolepsy may go immediately from being awake into REM sleep What is defined as frequent reflexive gasping for air that disrupts sleep Answer Sleep apnea Chapter 6 Define classical conditioning Who is most associated with it Answer Classical conditioning is the process of learning associations Ivan Pavlov is the psychologist and his experiments with dogs and meat powder are most associated with classical conditioning What is it called when similar stimuli evoke the same conditioned response and the original conditioned stimulus Answer Stimulus generalization What is it called when only the original conditioned response evokes a conditioned response Answer Stimulus discrimination What is operant conditioning Who was its main proponent Answer Operant conditioning is define as associating responses with their consequences and believes in the idea that we repeat acts that are followed by rewards and avoid acts that are followed by punishment B F Skinner is the main proponent of operant conditioning What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers Answer Primary reinforcers satisfy our basic biological needs such as sex food warmth and water Secondary reinforcers acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers An example of secondary reinforcers would be money praise and good grades What is the difference between a fixed and variable ratio Answer A fixed ratio is when the reinforcement is given after a fixed number of responses A variable ratio is when the reinforcement is given after a variable random number of responses When we learn