SLHS 1150 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Communication Disorders Mid-Term Study GuideFundamentals of Communication sciences and disorders-Communication-process in which 2+ people share information-Language- formulation (pulling thoughts together)-Speech- transmission (conveying)-Hearing- Reception (receiving)Difference DisorderAccent ArticulationDialect (Boroca’s aphasia) language- difficult getting out what they want to say Fluency- stutter Voice-dysphasia- vocal chords always openProfessions:-Speech language pathologist- prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders in speech, language, swallowing-Audiologist- prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hearing and balance disorders Neuroanatomy and Human CommunicationCranial Nerves1. Olfactory- smell2. Optic- sight3. Ocular motor- motor eye4. Trochlear- motor eye5. Trigeminal- sensory and motor6. Abducens- motor eye7. Facial- muscles of facial expression8. Acoustic- hearing9. Glossopharyngeal- sensory and motor, sensation from tongue10. Vagus- sensory and motor, auto function of gun, sensation from pharynx, muscles of vocal chords11. (spinal) accessory- motor, neck and shoulder muscles12. Hypoglossal- motor supply of tongue13. Auditory nerveBrain-Frontal LobeoDecision makingoProblem solvingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.oConsciousnessoEmotions-Parietal lobeoSensory info-Temporal lobeoMemoryoEmotionsoHearingoLanguageoLearning-OccipitaloVision-Boroca’s area- create speech-Primary auditory cortexoHeschly's gyrusoPlanum temporaleoWernicke's area-Cerebellum-BrainstemoMidbrain-Pons- Medulla Organization-Interconnectedness-Hierarchy-Contralaterality (cross brain)-SpecializationoLef RightLinear processing HolisticLogical IntuitiveAnalytical RandomSequential ConcreteVerbal FantasyReality based Nonverbal -Plasticity (ability to adapt, based on experience)-Critical period - prime time for learning Anatomy and Physiology of Speech-Respiratory system-Trachea-Lungs-Diaphragm muscles-Bronchi-Alveoli-Inhalation-Diaphragm contracts-External intercostals (stabilize ribcage)-Scalene and sternocleidomastoid (increase volume of thoracic cavity)-Exhalation-Active (cough, speak)-Muscular corset of abdominal wall-Passive- recoil of lungs-Passive breathing- inhalation/exhalation- reflexive-involuntary-Speech breathing- inhalation/exhalation- voluntary-Phonatory SystemoLarynx- convert airflow energy ----> soundoPharynxoCartilage Muscles NervesCricoid Cricothyroid Superior laryngeal nerveThyroid Posterior Cricothyroid Epiglottis Lateral Cricothyroid Arytenoid Transverse arytenoid Cornic Thyroarytenoid -Resonatory SystemoProduce sound/ vibration - change by shapeoStructures (modify air flow)-Head-Neck-Velopharyngeal port -Articulatory System- manipulate air flow (precise speech sounds)oArticulators Speech articulatorsMaxilla Fixed (don’t move):Mandible - hard palateMandible 1.Upper incisorsLips -Alveolar ridgeTeeth Mobile:Hard palate TongueSof palate Velum (sof palate)Tongue Mandible Lips Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing-InneroSemicircular canalsoVestibuleoCochlea-Fluid filled-Snail shaped-Basilar membrane-Organ of corti (hair cells)oPhysiology- movement of cochlear fluids-Hydraulic energyoVestibular system- balanceoAuditory system- hearing-OuteroPinna (auricle)-Protects and channels acoustic info to EAC-Assists in sound localizationoExternal auditory canal (EAC)-Directs sound to tympanic membrane-Provides some increase in sound intensity-Protects TM-MiddleoAir filled spaceoOssicular chain (smallest bones)-Malleus-Incus-StapesoEustachian tube-Fresh air into air space- keep healthy connects middle ear to inner noseAir pressure maximizes mobility of TMoPhysiology- transform TM vibrations-Acoustic energy -----> mechanical energy-Impedance- resistance to flow of energy (sound)oTympanic membrane-Ear drum-End of EAC -Vibration ---> mechanism-Vibrates in proportion to intensity -Speed of vibration proportional to vibrationoCranial nerve 13 -auditory nerve Acoustics and Psychoacoustics-Physical aspects of soundoAmplitude- instantaneous-Peak- max deviationoWavelengthoTime (sec)oPeriod (1/frequency) time to complete one cycleoFrequency (Hz) physical measurement of pitch-Number of cycles per sec-Speed of vibrationoIntensity (dB) physical measurement of loudness-Description of amplitude-Magnitude/ strength of soundoPitch- perceptual measurement of pitchoLoudness- psychological perception associated with intensity Auditory Assessment-Behavioral (subjective)oAir conduction thresholds-Functionality of outer, middle, and inner earoBone conduction thresholds-Reflects function of cochlea regardless of middle/ outer ear-Vibrates skulloSpeech testing-Speech recognition threshold-Speech awareness threshold-Word recognition scores-ObjectiveoTypanometry - middle earoAcoustic reflexes- retrococlear function-Anything behind cochlea-Auditory nerve-Brain stemoOtoacoustic emissions-Tests the path up to the cochleaoElectrophysiology-Tests central system-Describing (Quantifying) Hearing LossoAudiogram- visual representation of a person’s thresholds at given frequencies and intensitiesoMild-25-40 Hz-Difficult in background noise, sounds muffled oModerate-40-55 Hz-A little difficulty in quiet, sof sounds/ end of words goneoModerate-severe-55-70 Hz-Miss a lot of conversational speechoSevere-70-90 Hz-No door bell, telephone, no conversationoProfound -90+ Hz Hearing Development-MaturationoCentral auditory pathways take over a decade oSecond trimester- cochlea and cochlear nerve oCortex matures last-Congenital HL Acquired HLGenetic JaundiceIn utero: Head traumaCMV ToxicityHerpes NoiseRubella (postnatal) infections:Syphilis VaricellaToxoplasmosis HerpesCraniofacial abnormality MeningitisSyndrome associated with HL Neurodegenerate disorder Maternal drug exposure Speech and Language Development-InfancyoCommunication at some level is presentoMotor dev:-Arises from maturation and learning of nervous and muscular systemoCognitive dev;-Process of experiencing- people, obj, eventsoSocial dev:-Increase sophisticated interaction with othersoPer elocutionary Stage-First 6 months-Depends on care giver-Cry, gaze, smile, vocalizationoIllocutionary stage-Second 6 months-Behavior convey intentions to care giver-ToddleroSyntax (1yr-18 months)-No internal organ-Single --> multiwordoMorphology (19-28 months)-Grammatical morphemes-Only what is necessary-7-9