Sport Psychology as a Scientific DisciplineTwo Main ObjectivesThree Roles For PractitionersHow To Become A Sport And Exercise PsychologistDifferent types of S&E PsychologistDifferences in culturesDifferences due to desired “type”Sport Psychology from a historical perspectiveEra 1Era 2Era 3Era 4Era 5Era 6Learning about sport and exercise participantsPersonalityTheoretical explanations DefinitionTraitsStatesMotivationTypesIntrinsicExtrinsicA-motivationTheoretical explanationsNeed achievement theoryGoal orientationPerceived competence motivationAchievement goal theoryAttribution theoryAchievement motivationStates approachTrait approachInteractional approachSelf-confidenceLevels of…Model – factors affecting confidenceTraitStateSelf-efficacySourcesKey peopleArousal, Stress, and AnxietyFactors influencingS&E EnvironmentsCommunicationTypesImportance of communications on all aspects of sport and exercise environmentsGroup and team dynamicsGroup cohesionFactors affectingTypesTaskSocialTheoriesTrait or state or interactional approachLeadershipStylesKIN 350 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study GuideSport Psychology as a Scientific DisciplineApplies to • Seniors • Children • Exercisers • Elite athletes • Average athletes & weekend warriors • Persons who are physically & mentally challenged • Coaches, teachers, & fitness leaders • Injured & ill individuals Two Main Objectives1. To understand how psychological factors affect an individuals physical performancea. Example – How does anxiety affect a basketball player’s accuracy in free-throw shooting?2. To understand how participation in sport and exercise affects a person’s psychological development, health, and well-beinga. Example – Does running reduce anxiety and depression?Three Roles For Practitioners 1. Teaching2. Research 3. ConsultancyHow To Become A Sport And Exercise PsychologistDifferent types of S&E PsychologistClinical• Are licensed psychologists• Are trained to work with individuals with severe emotional disorders• Are trained to help athletes with problems such as eating disorders and substance abuseEducational• Use mental coach approach—understand psychology of human movement• Have training in physical education, kinesiology, or exercise and sport science• Educate and increase athletes’ and coaches’ awareness of issues such as anxiety management and confidence developmentDifferences in culturesDifferences due to desired “type” Sport Psychology from a historical perspectiveUSA – practical usageEurope – psych vs. physical, French created term of SPEra 1 The early years 1895–1920 Norman Triplett – why do people seem to cycle faster when in groups or in pairs than when cycling alone?Era 2The Griffith Era 1921-1938- First person to devote a significant portion of his career to sport psychology- Considered as the father of North American Sport Psychology - 1921-1931 he publishes 25 research articles about sport psychologyEra 3 Preparation for the future 1939–1965- Franklin Henry was largely responsible for the fields Scientific development - Psychological aspects of sport and motor skill acquisition Europe – during World Wars- Switzerland held 1st convention- Congress of SP in 1965 in Rome Era 4 Establishment of academic sport psychology 1966-1977- Moved away from being just a part of kinesiology (or sport and exercise science) and motor learning into own discipline- Moving more towards the psychological factors and therefore applying psychological theories to sport contextApplied Consultancy- Bruce Ogilvie of San Jose State University was one of the first ones to start working with teams and individuals in an applied setting (football)Era 5 Multidisciplinary science and practice in sport and exercise psychology 1978-2000- Growth all around the world- More applied work- More scientific research- Emphasis on development of theories and models and testing them in research- Typically used quantitative research methods- Number of journals dedicated to this area were established- Professional organizations like APA 47th division was established- 1991 AASP certifications are established- BASES accreditation in UKEra 6 Contemporary sport and exercise phycology 2001-present- Continues to grow around the world – and now more cultural interactions and holistic view- Applied practitioners are continuing to strive and “stigma” around sport psychologist is slowly shifting- Shift from quantitative research to qualitative and more interpretative research taking place- UK establishes the BPS DSEP and more systematic and certified route to become a sport and exercise psychologist- Sport and exercise psychology – as two distinct pathways?Learning about sport and exercise participantsPersonality“The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique” (Weinberg & Gould, 2011)Theoretical explanations DefinitionApproach… Behavior is a function of…Trait Approach Personality traitsSituational Approach EnvironmentInteractional Approach Personality traits and environmentPhenomenological ApproachIndividuals “understanding” and “interpretation” of one’sself and environmentTraits DefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleStatesDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleMotivationDefinitionsTypesIntrinsicDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleExtrinsic DefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleA-motivationDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleTheoretical explanationsNeed achievement theoryDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleGoal orientationDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExamplePerceived competence motivationDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleAchievement goal theoryDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleAttribution theoryDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleAchievement motivationDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleStates approachDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleTrait approach DefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleInteractional approachDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleSelf-confidence DefinitionLevels of…Model – factors affecting confidenceTraitDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleStateDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleSelf-efficacyDefinitionWho made it?Graph/table?ExampleSourcesKey peopleArousal, Stress, and AnxietyTheoretical explanations of eachHow these concepts are interlinkedFactors